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What is evidence?

Means to establish the truth or untruth of a fact.

What is proof?

The result obtained from evidence.

What are the two components of the burden of proof?

Production and persuasion.

What does the reasonable doubt standard require?

Prosecution must prove every essential element of a crime.

How does direct evidence differ from circumstantial evidence?

Direct evidence proves a fact without inference; circumstantial requires reasoning.

What is circumstantial evidence?

Indirectly proves or disproves a fact, requiring inferences.

What is the inference of intent?

Law assumes people intend foreseeable consequences of their actions.

What is modus operandi?

Method of working used to link crimes to suspects.

What role do fingerprints play in evidence?

They serve as circumstantial evidence at crime scenes.

What is the purpose of a voir dire?

To determine the competency of a witness or juror.

What must a witness demonstrate to be competent?

Ability to observe, remember, and narrate accurately.

What is perjury?

Lying under oath.

What factors affect witness credibility?

Perception, memory, and narration accuracy.

What is the role of the trial judge?

Manage the courtroom and rule on legal questions.

What is judicial notice?

Relieves parties from proving uncontroverted facts.

What does the 5th amendment privilege protect against?

Self-incrimination in testimonial evidence.

When does the 5th amendment privilege not apply?

When only physical evidence is sought.

What is the significance of the reasonable doubt standard?

Ensures a high degree of certainty for conviction.

What happens if circumstantial evidence shows both motive and opportunity?

The case can be submitted to the jury.

What is the purpose of redirect examination?

To restore a witness's credibility after cross-examination.