1009963586

    Master this deck with 100 terms through effective study methods.

    Imported from Quizlet

    Created by @jwildman17

    erythrocytes (RBC)

    what is this

    thrombocytes (platelets)

    what is this

    leukocytes (WBC)

    what is this

    - transport oxygen and nutrients - remove cellular waste

    what are the 2 functions of blood

    - formed elements - extracellular matrix (plasma)

    what are the 2 components of blood

    - RBC - WBC - Platelets

    what are the formed elements of blood

    never let monkeys eat bananas - neutrophils (50-60%) - lymphocytes (20-40%) - Monocytes (2-8%) - eosinophils (1-4%) - Basophils (0.5-1%)

    what are the 5 types of white blood cells in order from highest to lowest abundance

    neutrophils - granulocyte - multilobed nucleus: usually 3-5 that are connected - neutral or pale colored granules

    what is this? what features determine this?

    lymphocytes - agranulocyte - round / oval nucleus that takes up most of the cell -dark violet nucleus

    what is this? what features determine this?

    monocyte - agranulocyte - indented kidney shaped nucleus - no specific staining property

    what is this? what features determine this?

    eosinophil - Granulocyte - Bi-lobed nucleolus - reddish, pink/orange granules

    what is this? what features determine this?

    basophil - granulocyte - granules cover nucleus making it hard to be seen - U shaped nucleus - very dark stain

    what is this? what features determine this?

    - hereditary condition - abnormal hemoglobin is produced

    what is sickle cell anemia

    - viral disease - increased production of monocytes and lymphocytes with enlarged nucleus

    what is infectious mononucleosis

    - over production of RBCs - result of bone marrow cancer

    what is polycythemia

    - cancer: over production of leukocytes - many different types

    what is leukemia

    allows our immune cells to recognize foreign cells present in our bodies

    what does the presence of an antigen allow for

    our blood cells have specific antigens present on them that are different from the antibodies that our immune cells carry

    how come our antibodies do not attack our own cells

    normal blood

    what is this

    sickle cell anemia

    what is this

    mononucleosis under microscope

    what is this

    polycythemia

    what is this

    leukemia

    what is this

    crucial protein found on the surface of RBCs - made of 4 globin subunits & 4 heme groups

    what is hemoglobin? what is it made from?

    each heme group has an iron molecule that binds oxygen

    why is hemoglobin important

    - diagnostic test to see the portion of RBCs in a blood sample

    what is a hematocrit test

    plugged end of capillary tube faces wall of centrifuge

    when putting the capillary tube in the centrifuge what is important to do

    phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens

    what is the role of neutrophils

    responds to allergens and parasitic worms

    what is the role of eosinophils

    inflammation and allergic reactions

    what is the role of basophils

    adaptive immune response (B cells and T cells)

    what is the role of lymphocytes

    neutrophil

    what is the most abundant type of WBC found within normal blood?

    a) lack of hemoglobin to bind to oxygen

    what is the physiological reason for symptoms of anemia a) lack of hemoglobin binding b) increased amount of hemoglobin to bind more oxygen c) increased plasma d) an infection

    RBC: 44% Plasma: 55% WBC/Platelets: 1%

    what is the normal range of blood for RBC, plasma, and platelets

    absence of specific antigens on the blood

    If Blood Type "O" has both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies, why is it a universal donor?

    A -

    what is the blood type antiA: agglutination antiB: nothing anti RH: nothing

    female: 11 - 16 gm% male: 13 - 18 gm% (gm% is grams of Hb/100 ml of blood)

    for adults normal hemoglobin values are _______ for females and _____ for men

    Type A or AB - the anti-A antibodies in her blood cause agglutination

    After a car accident, Mary, a patient with type B blood, was rushed to the hospital with severe hemorrhaging. Physicians decided to give Mary a blood transfusion, and an hour later she was pronounced dead from systemic circulatory agglutination. a) Which transfused blood types could have caused this reaction?

    the pressure at which half of the hemoglobin is bound to oxygen

    what does p50 mean

    higher affinity for oxygen - left shift

    what does lower P50 mean

    lower affinity for oxygen - right shift

    what does higher P50 mean

    4 polypeptide chains

    hemoglobin protein is made from ______

    heme group - contains Fe2+ (iron) that can bind to oxygen

    each of the 4 chains in hemoglobin contain a ___ group: what does this group contain

    as its oxygenated form HbO2 and its deoxygenated form Hb O2 + Hb = HbO2

    what does hemoglobin exist in the blood as

    differences in partial pressures of oxygen between systemic capillaries and peripheral tissues

    what allows O2 to diffuse into cells

    the un/binding of one molecule promotes the un/binding of the next molecule

    what is cooperative binding

    absorbance of visible light

    we use the _____ to study the Hb-O2 relationship

    - needs to be in absorbance mode - zero with a blank tube between samples

    what are 2 important needs when using the spectrophotometer

    % = (A-B)/(A-C) x 100% C = absorbance before deoxygenation (before removing O2) B = absorbance after deoxygenation step (in between) A = absorbance after completed deoxygenation (after removing O2) for the first row of each table B=C

    how do you calculate the % saturation

    control: - room temperature - pH: 7.4 (neutral) experimental: - low temp (flask on ice) - low pH (more acidic)

    in the lab where we determined % saturation, what were the control groups and what were the experimental groups

    releases O2 (lower affinity)

    right shift

    loading (binding) O2 (higher affinity)

    left shift

    low pH: right shift low temp: left shift

    what shift did you see for pH and cold treatments? (left or right shift)

    CADET - increase CO2 - acidity - DPG - Exercise - Temperature increase

    what causes a right shift

    FIBB - Fetal HB - Inactivity - Basic - Brr: decrease temp

    what causes a left shift

    decreases - CO₂ forms carbonic acid in RBCs, releasing H⁺ ions that stabilize hemoglobin, promoting O₂ release

    CO2 ____ hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen: why

    decreases - greater [H+] causes hemoglobin to stabilize in deoxygenated states which reduces its affinity for O2

    Acidic environment ____ hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen: why

    decreases - (DPG) is a glycolysis intermediate produced in red blood cells' - Hydrogen ions (H⁺) and 2,3-DPG (diphosphoglycerate) are inversely related

    DPG _____ hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen: why

    decreases - exercise can cause an increase in acidity and temperature which weakens oxygen hemoglobin bond - oxygen is needed for tissues during exercise

    exercise ____ hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen: why

    decreases - it weakens the oxygen and hemoglobin bond

    high temperature ____ hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen: why

    b) when hemoglobin is 50% saturated with oxygen

    P50 is reached when a) the partial pressure of O2 in the blood is 50 mmHg b) when hemoglobin is 50% saturated with oxygen

    B) higher

    If the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve moves to left, the affinity betweenO2 and Hemoglobin is a) lower b) higher

    a) Hb to release O2

    pCO2, acidity and temperature are higher in capillary circulation than in arterial blood. In these circumstances, Hb has lower affinity to oxygen. That enables a) Hb to release O2 B) Hb to hold onto O2

    Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen - needs to be able to take oxygen from mothers blood

    O2 affinity fetal vs adult hemoglobin: which one has a higher oxygen-binding affinity?

    indicates that Hb has a cooperative binding of oxygen, meaning that binding of one molecule enables easier binding of the next molecule to the hemoglobin

    what does the sigmoidal shape of the oxygen hemoglobin graph indicate

    ensures that Hb remains almost fully saturated in light of any respiratory/circulatory abnormalities as is typically experienced in old age, illness, or a low oxygen environment

    what does the upper plateau of the sigmoid curve ensure

    500 - 700 nm

    what wavelength did we use for the % saturation experiment

    at increments of 50nm

    what were the increments we increased by in lab 2

    oxygen-binding protein found in muscle tissue, particularly in cardiac and skeletal muscles - It has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin and serves as an oxygen reservoir

    what is myoglobin

    - supplies tissues with oxygen and other nutrients - transports hormones - removes waste

    what is the function of the circulatory system (3)

    - away from - towards

    - arteries carry blood ___ the heart - veins carry blood ___ the heart

    veins

    what has a larger lumen: veins or arteries

    arteries

    which has a thicker smooth muscle/ collagen: veins or arteries

    arteries

    which has a more rounded lumen: veins or arteries

    because they receive blood from the heart with greater pressure

    why do arteries have thicker walls than veins

    vein artery and nerve

    label

    aortic arch

    what is this

    - brachiocephalic trunk - left common carotid artery - left subclavian artery

    what are the 3 major branches of the aortic arch

    left common carotid artery

    what is this

    left subclavian artery

    what is this

    brachiocephalic trunk

    what is this

    - descending thoracic aorta: above the diaphragm - descending abdominal aorta: bellow the diaphragm

    what are the 2 descending aortas

    descending thoracic aorta

    what is this

    descending abdominal aorta

    what is this

    3 branches of arteries - celiac trunk - superior mesenteric artery - inferior mesenteric artery

    what is between the thoracic descending aorta and the abdominal descending aorta

    - celiac trunk: stomach, duodenum, liver, spleen - superior mesenteric artery: small intestine, pancreas, proximal large intestine - inferior mesenteric artery: large intestine

    what do each of these supply blood to - celiac trunk - superior mesenteric artery - inferior mesenteric artery

    superior vena cava

    where do the veins in the upper body merge into

    right common carotid artery

    what is this

    right subclavian artery

    what is this

    - braciocephalic veins - internal jugular vein (head and neck) - sub clavicular vein (clavicle) - axillary vein (armpit) - brachial vein (humerus)

    what are the 5 veins that merge into the superior vena cava

    inferior vena cava

    where do veins from the lower body drain into

    - hepatic vein (gastrointestinal) - renal vein (kidney) - common iliac vein - external iliac vein (pelvis) - femoral vein (femur) - great saphenous vein (entire lower limb)

    what are the 6 veins that drain into inferior vena cava

    - measure ECG at rest - measure ECG at rest and correlate ECG with heart sound - measure ECG after exercise

    what are the 3 measurements needed for the electrocardiogram

    negative: right wrist positive: left wrist earth: right leg

    for the ECG procedure, where do the 3 electrodes go

    e) pulmonary artery

    Which vessel carries de-oxygenated blood away from the heart? A) Descending Aorta B) Aortic Arch C) Vena Cava D) Pulmonary Vein E) Pulmonary Artery

    A) R-R distance

    What part of an ECG should a computer program lookfor when calculating heartbeats/min? A. R-R distance B. P-T distance C. P-S distance D. R-P distance

    A) basophil

    what is the least abundant type of WBC found within normal blood? A. Basophil B. Monocyte C. Neutrophi lD. Lymphocyte

    A+

    determine the blood type Anti a: agglutination anti b: nothing anti Rh: agglutination

    B) Lower

    If the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve moves to right, the affinity between O2 and Hemoglobin is ____ A. Higher B. Lower

    higher

    is the P wave higher or lower after exercise (amplitude)