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    What are the main functions of proteins?

    They serve structural, catalytic, transport, defense, reserve, and hormonal roles.

    What distinguishes collagen from keratin?

    Collagen is found in connective tissues, while keratin forms hair and nails.

    What role do enzymes play in biological processes?

    They accelerate vital chemical reactions.

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

    It transports oxygen in the blood.

    How do antibodies differ from leukocytes?

    Antibodies are protein molecules, while leukocytes are complete cells.

    What are amino acids?

    They are the building blocks of proteins.

    What is the significance of the R group in amino acids?

    It defines the identity and chemical properties of the amino acid.

    What is the process of transamination?

    It produces one amino acid from another existing amino acid.

    What are the two categories of amino acids based on endogenous production?

    Natural and essential amino acids.

    What are essential amino acids?

    They must be obtained through diet as the body cannot produce them.

    What is the role of plants in amino acid synthesis?

    They produce amino acids from glucose derivatives.

    What is the composition of amino acids?

    They contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

    What are the main functions of proteins?

    They serve structural, catalytic, transport, defense, reserve, and hormonal roles.

    What distinguishes collagen from keratin?

    Collagen is found in connective tissues, while keratin forms hair and nails.

    What role do enzymes play in biological processes?

    They accelerate vital chemical reactions.

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

    It transports oxygen in the blood.

    How do antibodies differ from leukocytes?

    Antibodies are protein molecules, while leukocytes are complete cells.

    What are amino acids?

    They are the building blocks of proteins.

    What is the significance of the alpha carbon in amino acids?

    It connects four different groups, defining the amino acid's structure.

    What are the two main categories of amino acids based on human production?

    Natural and essential amino acids.

    What is the process of transamination?

    It produces one amino acid from another existing amino acid.

    What happens during the biosynthesis of amino acids in autotrophs?

    It is linked to energy flow initiated by photosynthesis.

    What characterizes amino acids as amphoteric compounds?

    They contain both acidic and basic groups in the same molecule.

    What is the role of albumin?

    It serves as a reserve protein in eggs and blood plasma.

    How do essential amino acids differ from natural amino acids?

    Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet.

    What is the first amino acid formed in the metabolic pathway?

    It is glutamic acid, derived from α-cetoglutarate.