Master this deck with 59 terms through effective study methods.
Imported from Quizlet
defenses that are present at birth that do not involve specific recognition of a microbe but acts against all microbes in the same way - includes the external physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes. It also includes various internal defenses, such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever.
defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe and memory to handle the microbe during subsequent exposures. Involves T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells).
disease-producing microbes such as bacteria and viruses
interstitial fluid that has passed into lymphatic vessels.
drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, and carry out immune responses.
specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that carry dietary lipids into lymphatic vessels and ultimately into the blood.
the largest lymph vessel that forms the main duct for return of lymph to the blood.
the large dilated region of the thoracic duct that acts as a reservoir by receiving lymph from the right and left lumbar trunks.
location where lymph finally drains into the bloodstream.
locations (bone marrow and thymus) where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent.
locations where most immune responses occur.
bilobed organ located in the mediastinum between the sternum and the aorta - site of T cell maturation.
site where pluripotent stem cells give rise to mature, immunocompetent B cells and to pre-T cells.
small, bean-shaped organs present throughout the body, usually clustered in groups - act to filter lymph by trapping foreign substances.
largest single mass of lymphatic tissue located in the in the left hypochondriac region between the stomach and diaphragm - functions include (1) removal by macrophages of ruptured, worn out, or defective blood cells and platelets; (2) storage of platelets, up to one-third of the body's supply; and (3) production of blood cells (hemopoiesis) during fetal life.
masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule - include mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT), tonsils, Peyer's patches and the appendix.
first line of defense against pathogens.
microscopic hairlike projections on the surface of the epithelial cells along the respiratory tract -waving action propels inhaled dust and microbes that have become trapped in mucus toward the throat.
enzyme found in tears, saliva, perspiration and nasal secretions capable of breaking down the cell walls of certain bacteria.
oily substance with antimicrobial properties that forms a protective film over the surface of the skin.
proteins released by virus-infected cells that diffuse to uninfected neighboring cells, where they induce synthesis of antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication.
proteins that enhance certain immune reactions like cytolysis (bursting) of microbes, phagocytosis, and inflammation.
The two major types of phagocytes.
a nonspecific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage - sign/symptoms include PRISH: pain, redness, immobility, swelling and heat.
vasodilation and increase permeability of blood vessels, phagocyte emigration, and tissue repair.
molecule produced by basophils and mast cells that causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels in the area of inflammation.
molecules released by damaged cells that intensify inflammation
molecules that increase permeability; they also function in adherence of phagocytes to pathogens and as chemotactic agents that attract phagocytes.
process by which cells such as neutrophils squeeze through the wall of the blood vessel to reach the damaged area.
Elevated body temperature that intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits the growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reactions that aid repair. Many bacterial toxins (such as LPS) elevate body temperature, sometimes by triggering release of fever-causing cytokines such as interleukin-1 from macrophages.
foreign substances that provoke immune responses.
type of adaptive immunity where cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens.
type of adaptive immunity where B cells transform into plasma cells, which synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies - also referred to as humoral immunity.
cells such as macrophages that phagocytose exogenous antigens, digest the antigen into fragments and present those fragments on the surface of their plasma membrane.
proteins used by antigen-presenting cells to present exogenous antigens on the surface of their plasma membrane.
proteins used by infected body cells to present endogenous antigens on the surface of their plasma membrane.
group of small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions, such as cell growth and differentiation.
cytokine produced by macrophages; promotes proliferation of helper T cells; acts on hypothalamus to cause fever.
cytokine secreted by helper T cells; costimulates proliferation of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells; activates NK cells.
protein used by helper T cells to "recognize" the MHC-II on the surface of APCs.
protein used by cytotoxic T cells to "recognize" the MHC-I on the surface of infected body cells.
protein on T cells that recognize and bind to specific foreign antigen fragments that are presented in antigen-MHC complexes.
T cells that do not attack infected body cells. Instead, they can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more active cytotoxic T cells and more memory cytotoxic T cells if the same antigen enters the body at a future time.
cells that release granzymes that trigger apoptosis and perforin that triggers cytolysis of infected target cells.
cells that release interleukin-2 which stimulates proliferation of T cells and B cells.
cells that secrete antibodies.
cells that can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more plasma cells and more memory B cells should the same antigen reappear at a future time.
process by which antibodies and the C3b protein of the complement system enhances phagocytosis by promoting attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe.
most abundant class of immunoglobulin that protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, and triggering complement system. Is the only class of antibody to cross placenta from mother to fetus, conferring considerable immune protection in newborns.
class of immunoglobulin found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions. Levels decrease during stress, lowering resistance to infection.
first antibody class to be secreted by plasma cells after initial exposure to any antigen. Anti-A and anti-B antibodies of ABO blood group are this class of immunoglobulin.
class of immunoglobulin mainly found on surfaces of B cells as antigen receptors.
class of immunoglobulin located on mast cells and basophils. Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions; provides protection against parasitic worms.
type of immunity following exposure to a microbe, antigen recognition by B cells and T cells and costimulation lead to formation of antibody-secreting plasma cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B and T memory cells.
type of immunity when IgG antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus across placenta, or IgA antibodies are transferred from mother to baby in milk during breast-feeding.
type of immunity when antigens introduced during vaccination stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses, leading to production of memory cells. Antigens are pretreated to be immunogenic but not pathogenic (they will trigger an immune response but not cause significant illness).
type of immunity following Intravenous injection of immunoglobulins (antibodies).
lymphocytes ability to recognize your own major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.
lymphocytes lack of reactivity to peptide fragments from your own proteins.