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Contain carbon chains and branches.
Contain one or more benzene rings.
Involves the elimination of hydrogen.
Electron pair acceptors that are attracted to regions of high electron density
A molecule is lost from a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated one.
Species with an unpaired electron.
the atom or group of atoms that isn't just a saturated hydrocarbon
Groups of organic compounds that share the same functional group and have similar chemical properties e.g. alkenes
Molecule containing only hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrogen is added to a molecule.
Breaking of bonds due to reaction with water.
Acts as a lone pair donor.
An atom/group replaces another atom/group.
Homolytic fission occurs when a covalent bond exists between two of the same atoms and breaks evenly, with each bonded atom taking one electron from the shared pair.
Heterolytic fission is the uneven breaking of a covalent bond, where both bonding electrons go to one atom. This produces two ions: one anion (the atom that takes both electrons) and one cation (the atom left with none)
geometric isomerism happens when there is a carbon carbon double bond with each carbon bond having two different groups bonded to it
the groups that are the same are on the same sides of the double carbon bond
the groups that are the same are across the carbon carbon double bond
atomic number
For E isomerism the highest priority groups are across the carbon carbon double bond
Highest priority group is on the same size
birth- raw materials and energy are used to make the goods life- chemicals and energy needed to maintain the good death- energy is needed to recycle the goods or dispose of them
known reserves won't last much into the next century large amounts of fossil fuels are used in extracting, transporting and processing crude oil to make specific products Many polymer products are disposed in landfill sites after use
plastic can be melted and remoulded but products often contain more then one type of polymer which are hard to separate
The polymers can be shredded and vaporised in the absence of air through pyrolysis. The vapours are cracked and the products distilled to make fuels
can be burnt and used as fuel. Incineration reduces waste by a lot but toxic gases can be formed.
Modern incinerators use very high temperatures to ensure the breakdown of any harmful gases into harmless products. Before any of the gases are released they are cleaned to remove pollutants
they won't disintegrate when they get wet and that has caused pollution now.
Can be sorted and recycled Can be incinerated to release energy Can be cracked to reform monomers Make biodegradable polymers minimise emissions of chemicals like S02 by high heat
make bags entirely from condensation polymers like polylactic acid. Completely biodegradable and will compost in months
450 - 750 degrees 70 atm alkenes
500 degrees 1-2 atm Zeolite catalyst
produces lots of branched alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene
refinery gases petrol naptha kerosene diesel bitumen
turning straight chain hydrocarbons into branched chain hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons
When a fuel burns too early or not smoothly it creates a knocking sound. This is more likely with a fuel with a low octane rating
C6H6
free radical substitution
organic compound that is combusted to release energy/heat
goes from purple to colourless
breaks down to release toxic products
molecules with the same molecular formula but with different arrangement of the atoms in space
the atoms are arranged in completely different orders. Like having a straight chain hydrocarbon vs a branched
the basic carbon skeleton remains the same but some important groups are moved around
same molecular formula but belong to different homologous series
same molecular formula but different branches. Alkyls
Positional Functional group Chain isomerism
the atoms on the molecule have joined up in the same order but still have a different spacial arrangement
as the double bond can't rotate. If there was a single bond the bond could flip and they wouldn't be isomers
a species with a lone pair of electrons donates its electrons to a positive/partially positive species forming a covalent bond
Because the electrophile - species with electron deficiency is the one that is attracted to the nucleophile first
tertiary carbocations are more stable then primary carbocations because they have more electron-releasing alkyll groups which stabilise it
the pi bond is weaker then the sigma bond and takes less energy to break. The pi bond is more accessible to electrophilic attack
electrophilic addition
the double bond restricts rotation