Master this deck with 47 terms through effective study methods.
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Its a rigid structure that surrounds plant cells. Mainly made of cellulose. In bacteria its made of peptidoglycan
A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope, which contains many pores. The nucleus contains chromosomes
DNA molecules are wrapped around proteins called histones. Many of these joined together forms a complex called chromatin and chromatin coils and condenses to form chromosomes
The nucleus controls the cell activity. DNA contains instructions to make proteins. The pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
The nucleolus has no membrane and is formed of proteins and RNA. RNA is used to make rRNA which is combined with proteins to form ribosomes for protein synthesis
Specialised form of a vesicle. Comprised of a single membrane with fluid inside
Contains digestive enzymes and can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn components of the cell
A small fluid filled sack in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane
Transports substances in and out of the cell and between organelles. Some are formed by the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum, while others are formed at the cell surface
A group of fluid filled membrane-bound , flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edge of the sacs
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Fibres made from actin that can contract. Responsible for cell movement and cell contraction from cytokinesis
Hollow tubes that determine the shape of the cell Allows transport of vesicles. Spindle fibres made of microtubules
Give mechanical strength to cells and help maintain integrity in the cell.
They are a component of the cytoskeleton found in most eukaryotic cells. Made of microtubules. 2 centrioles form the centrosome. This organises spindle fibres during mitosis
It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes
A very small organelle that either floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic retiuculum. It's made up of proteins and rRNA
Protein synthesis
A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space the folds are called cisternae. The surface is covered with ribosomes
Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes and sends them to the Golgi apparatus
Similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum, but with no ribosomes
Synthesises and processes lipids
They're usually oval-shaped. They have a double membrane - the inner one is folded to form structure called cristae. Inside is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration
The site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced. They're found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy.
Each cell has 2 central microtubules surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules arranged like a wheel to form the 9+2 arrangement
Cilia can either be stationary or mobile where they beat in a certain direction.
Flagella helps with mobility. in some cells it is a sensory organelle and they can detect chemical changes in the cells environment
A small, flattened structure found in plant cells. Its surrounded by a double membrane, and also has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes
The site where photosynthesis takes place. Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana, and other parts happen in the stroma
Small, hollow cylinders, made of microtubules. Found in animal cells but only some plant cel
Involved with the production of spindle fibres which are used during mitosis
Small, hair-like structures found on the surface membrane of some animal cells.
The microtubules allow the cilia to move. The movement is used by the cell to move substances along the cell surface
Flagella on eukaryotic cells are like cilia but longer. They stick out from the cell surface and are surrounded by the plasma membrane. Inside they are like cilia too- two microtubules in the center and nine pairs around the edge
The microtubules contract to make the flagellum move. Flagella are used like outboard motors to propel cells forward
The ability to distinguish between two separate objects
How much bigger an object appears compared to the original object
a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
Maintaining cell shape Control of cell movement and in organelle movement in cells Compartmentalisation of organelles
In prokaryotic cells one main molecule of DNA is circular and found naked in the cytoplasm Additional DNA can be found in plasmids. In eukaryotic cells it's linear and associated with histone proteins to form chromatin.
Prokaryotic cells is comprised of different proteins to the eukaryotic
Smaller in prokaryotic
In prokaryotic cells it's made of peptidoglycan. In eukaryotic cells they are present in plant cells made of cellulose and in fungi made of chitin
line the eyepiece graticule with a stage micrometer. The stage micrometer has units so you can calculate how much each interval is on the eyepiece graticule
uses a focussed beam of electrons that scatters at the surface. Lower resolution and magnification then TEM. Can give information about surface features. Easier preparation. Can't be used on an alive sample. Images colour is in grayscale. And makes 3d images
Highest magnification and resolution. Used by transmitting electrons that pass through an ultra thin sample. Shows internal structures. Harder preparation. Can't be used on an alive sample. No colour. Makes 2d images
the lowest magnification and resolution. Used by passing light through an organism. Can be used on an alive sample. Easy preparation of slide but staining is sometimes needed. Can be viewed in colour