Protein synthesis/DNA replication

What do 3 bases code for

A codon which codes for an amino acid

What gets the dna double helix to unwind

DNA helicase travels along the dna backbone and breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases

Where do the new strand of dna come from

Comes from free nucleotides from the cytoplasm which bind to the complimentary bases (hydrogen bonds)

How do the new bases join to each other

DNA polymerase makes phosphodiester bonds

What is a gene

A section of gene with the complete sequence of bases to code for an entire protein

What is degenerate code

There are more possible combinations of codons then amino acids so different codons can code for the same amino acid

What section of the dna unzips during transcription

The one that contains the gene unzips

What enzyme unzips the dna molecule

DNA helicase

Which is the only strand of dna that codes for a protein called

The sense strand/ coding strand

What is the purpose of the non coding strand then

The purpose of the non coding or antisense strand is just to provide a template for mRNA to bind to so it can correctly code for the right gene.

What direction does the sense strand run through

5 prime to 3 prime

What direction does the antisense strand go through

3 prime to 5 prime

What does rna polymerase do

Forms phosphodiester bonds between the rna nucleotides that bond to the antisense strand

What is the name of the completed rna molecule

mRNA

What happens when the mRNA leaves

Goes through the nuclear pores and the dna double helix reforms

What are 3 things cells require energy for

Synthesis of large molecules. Transport of ions. movement

What is ATP made up of

It's made of an adenine base. 3 phosphate groups and a ribose sugar

How is ATP broken down

In a hydrolysis reaction where the outside phosphate group is broken off

What are the products of the hydrolysis of ATP

ADP- adenosine diphosphate, Pı an inorganic phosphate and energy

What is the process of phosphorylation

Reattaching a phosphate group onto the end of ADP

What are the properties of ATP

Small Water soluble Releases energy in small quantities Easily regenerated

What is the process for Extracting DNA from cells

Use a mortar and pestle to break cells walls Use a detergent to break plasma membrane Use ice cold ethanol to precipitate the DNA Use of a protease enzyme to break histones. Add salt to break h bonds of water and DNA

What enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP

ATP hydrolase

What enzyme catalyses phosphorylation

ATP synthase

Describe semi conservative replication

The double helix undwinds and the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases break using DNA helicase Both strands are used as templates and complementary base pairing occurs between template strands and free ncuelotides Adjacent nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds by DNA polymerase

What are the features of the genetic code

Genetic code is non-overlapping, so each triplet is only read once and triplets don't share bases Genetic code is degenerate meaning more then one triplet codes for the same amino acids which reduces the phenotypic effect of mutations

What is a polynucleotide formed from its mononmers

more then two nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds

what type of monosaccharide does RNA, ATP and ADP have

ribose

is ADP a nucleotide

yes it has a sugar, a base and at least 1 phosphate group