Master this deck with 38 terms through effective study methods.
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Your diaphragm contracts moving down and flatten. The external intercostal muscles will contract moving the ribs out and up. Volume increases pressure decreases
Yes
The diaphragm relaxes and moves back. The external intercostal muscles relax and the ribs move down and in. Volume of thorax decreases pressure increases.
High S.A.- millions of alveoli Short diffusion- have a wall of one cell thick squomas epithelial cells. Good blood supply Good ventilation
Measures the rate at which air is expelled from the lungs
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each resting breath. Normal volume is 500cm ^2
The volume of air that can be moved in with the strongest inhalation
Is how much more air you can breath in above a normal inhalation
The extra amount of air you can breath out compared to the normal tidal volume of air out
Yes
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration as hard as possible
The sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume
Number of breaths / number of minutes
Total volume of air inhaled in one minute
Tidal volume x breathing rate
Small openings called spiracles. They have things called sphincters that close the spiracles to minimise water loss
The tracheae. Which are lined with chitin
Into tracheoles which is just one single long cell with no chiton
Tracheal fluid which limits the penetration for diffusion of air
The lactic acid builds up and water moves out of the tracheols by osmosis. More surface area for gas exchange
Mechanical ventilation- muscular pumping movements of the thorax to change pressure in tracheae Collapsible englarged tracheae- either inflated or deflated depending on the thorax
Gill filaments are long and thin and extend from the gill arch and contain many lamellae. Lamellae are known the surface and have a good blood supply for gas exchange
The walls of the lamellae are 1 epithelial cells thick
The gill lamellae have millions of capillaries
Blood flows through the lamellae in the opposite direction to the flow of water This ensures that blood always meets water with a higher oxygen concentration Maintains a concentration gradient
Fish use the buccal-opercular pump to move water continuously over the gills Maintains a high oxygen concentration
elastic fibres goblet cells cartilage
elastic fibres goblet cells cartilage
elastic fibres goblet cells cartilage
elastic fibres
elastic fibres
Large surface area with a good blood supply which warms the air Hairy lining secretes mucus to trap dust Moist surface
Wide tube supported by rings of incomplete cartilage. Stops the trachea from collapsing but lets food pass. Has ciliated epithelial cells and goblet cells which se creates mucus to trap dirt. Has smooth muscle and elastic fibres.
Left and right bronchus which is similar in structure to the trachea with the same supporting rings of cartiliage
The bronchi divide into bronchioles. Contain smooth muscle which contracts making the constrict. And contains elastic fibres for stretch and recoil. When it relaxes they dilate. Have squints epithelial cells for gas exchange. No cartiliage
Round air sacks. Consists of a thin layer of squomas epithelial cells and collagen and elastic fibres. The fibres help the alveoli stretch and recoil. No smooth muscle or cartiliage
large surface area, thin walls, good blood supply and good ventilatoon
The inner surface of the alveoli are lined with it. It allows the alveoli to remain inflated