Cell division

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    What happens during g1 of interphase

    Protein synthesis Cell enlargens Organell synthesis occurs G1 checkpoint checks for DNA mutation

    What happens during the S phase of interphase

    Synthesis of DNA is replicated and chromatids pair up

    What happens during G2 of interphase

    2nd growth phase. Energy stores increase and protein synthesis occurs

    Name all the stages of mitosis

    prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

    What is cytokinesis?

    division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

    How can we watch mitosis

    Under a light microscope you can watch the growing root tip of plants HCL used to separate cells Squashed to form a single layer. Stains used to bind DNA together

    What stains can be used to make DNA visible

    Acetic or orcein

    How is chromatin found directly after dna replication

    To let enzymes during dna replication to work the attraction between histone proteins and dna has to weaken. Making dna less dense and not visible

    During early prophase what strands of dna are joined together

    Identical sister chromatids

    What's the centrosome

    The hub where centrioles are

    What's a haploid cell

    Cell with half the usual number of chromosome

    What's a cell that has all the chromosomes the body needs called

    Diploide cell

    what happens once a stem cell differentiates

    it looses the ability to divide and enters the G0 phase of mitosis

    what is potency

    a stem cell's ability to differentiate into different cell types

    what is totipotent

    these stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell. A fertilised egg, or zygote and the 8 or 16 cells from its first few mitotic divisions are totipotent and make up a whole organism

    what is pluripotent

    these stem cells can form all tissue types but not whole organisms. Present in early embryos

    what are multipotent cells

    these stem cells can only form a range of cells within a type of tissue

    why do red blood cells have to be replaced frequently

    due to the lack of organelles and nucleus they have a short lifespan of 120 days.

    describe the stem cells in embryonic stem cells

    the cells are present at an early stage of embryo development and are totipotent.

    what's a blastocyst

    the mass of cells after seven days of embryo development which are pluripotent

    describe the stem cells in adult stem cells

    these cells are present throughout life from birth. Found in specific regions and are multipotent but research suggests they can be made into pluripotent

    sources of plant stem cells

    meristematic tissue which is pluripotent

    where is meristematic tissue found

    in areas wherever growth is occurring. Also found in between the phloem and xylem tissues called the vascular cambium.

    how could stem cells be used to treat a heart disease

    muscle tissue in the heart is damaged as a result of a heart attack, so stem cells replace it

    how could stem cells be used to treat type 1 diabetes

    the body's own immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells int he pancreas; patients have to inject insulin for life. Replace the cells in the pancreas

    how could stem cells be used to treat Parkinson's disease

    the symptoms like shaking are caused by the death of dopamine producing cells in the brain. Drugs only delay the progress

    how are stem cells already being used to treat burns

    quicker growth of skin then taking skin graft from other body parts

    how are stem cells already being used to perform drug trials

    potential new drugs can be tested on cultures of stem cells before being tested on animals and humans

    what are some ethical issues with stem cells

    we are now making embryos in labs rather then having left over from fertility treatment the embryos die after we extract the stem cells religious objection as life starts at conception and is murder