Master this deck with 46 terms through effective study methods.
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seretonin is secreated which makes smoot muscle contract
platelets release a chemical that through a cascade of events turns fibrinogen into fibrin which acts as a mesh forming a clot
localised response to pathogens. Mast cells are activated and they release histomines and cytokines
make blood vessels dilate causing localised heat and redness. Increase the permeability of blood vessels so more blood plasma is forced out
attract white blood cells and phagocytes to the area
Cytokines stimulate the hypothalamus to increase the temperature and stop pathogen reproducing and increasing the specific immune response
its swelling caused by histomes
histomines and cytokines
any chemical bound to the antigen of a pathgoen, enhancing phagocytosis so they are easily recognised. Phagocytes have receptors that bind to common opsonins
the secondary non-specific immune response
neutrophills macrophages
has a multilobed nucleus and is released very quickly in large numbers during an infection
made and matures in the bone marrow
have a c shaped nucleus. Are much bigger then neutophils and have slower action
made in the bone marrow and develop in the thymus gland Found in large quantities in the lymph nodes and travel around the blood as monocytes
they have a lobed/narrow nucleus and they can change shape to squeeze between cells in capillary walls
a pathogen produces a chemical that attracts the phagocyte
the phagocyte recognises the non self antigens on pathogen and binds to it (non specific). This can be aided by opsonin's which bind to and tag pathogens
phagocyte engulfs the pathogen and the pathogen is enclosed in a vesicle called a phagosome
lysosomes fuse with the phagosome to make a phagolysosome. Lytic enzymes and hydrogen peroxide digest the pathogen
bacteria broken down to amino acids/sugar/glucose and the waste is expelled by exocytosis
combine the pathogens antigens with MHC and it moves antigens to the cell membrane It forms an antigen presenting cell. Displays MHC class 11
made of 4 polypeptide chains. 2 Light and 2 heavy. The region where the two heavy strands joined by disulphide bonds is the hinge region. The tips of the light and heavy chains is the variable region. The base of the 2 heavy chains is the constant region.
b plasma cells
specific immune response is slower and takes up to 14 days but if it meets the same pathogen again its faster because of memory cells
the antigen-antibody complex acts as an opsonin for phagocytes to do phagocytosis
if the antigen on the surface of the pathogen was a binding site enabling it from entering cells the antibodies prevent it from happening
some antibodies are made by lots of immunoglobuline molecules which can bind to many pathogens clumping them up
antibodies that bind to toxins making them harmless
selection of specific lymphocyte after exposure to a specific antigen
proliferation of specific cells with the appropriate antibody for the antigen
they have different specific shaped receptor and are chosen during clonal selection and then divide to form clones of plasma cells
produce antibodies but only live for a few days
live for a very long time and provide immunological memory
have CD4 receptors on cell surface membrane which bind to the non-peptide parts of the MHC 11 on APC to stabilise the reaction
a type of cytokine produced by T helper cells to stimulate other T cells B cells and phagocytes
produce hydrogen peroxide and a chemical called perforin which kills pathogens by making holes in the cell surface membrane
live for a long time and provide immunological memory
Infected body cells incorporate some of the pathogens antigens into their cell surface membranes by MHC class 1
always active in all nucleated cells. The proteins used come from within the cell
comes from proteins from the environment and can only be expressed by professional Antigen Presenting Cells
immunity that is gained without an immune response. For example breast milk and the placenta. These are short lasting. No memory cells are made
antibodies are injected externally. No memory cells are made
the immune system attacks pancreatic cells and stops them from being able to produce insulin
Immune system attacks membranes in joints Pain, swelling, reduced mobility
Production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease. Long lasting and produces memory cells