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The metabolic demands of large organisms means diffusion over the long distance isn't enough to fuel them
Few vessels to contain the transport medium. It is pumped straight from the heart into the body cavity of the animal called the haemocoel. In the haemocoel there is low pressure and it comes not direct contact with the tissues. It returns through an open ended vessel
Found in invertebrate animals including insects
Haemolymph. It can't maintain a steep concentration gradient for efficient diffusion. It doesn't carry any oxygen or carbon dioxide. Flows back to the heart which stretches across the thorax and abdomen
The blood is enclosed in blood vessels and doesn't come into direct contact with the cells. The amount of blood flowing to a particular tissue can be controlled by narrowing or widening blood vessels and flows under high pressure
Single closed circulatory systems are found in fish. The blood flows through the heart around the body and back to the heart. Blood flows through 2 capillaries before going to the heart so blood pressure is low
They have a countercurrent gaseous exchange in their gills which lets them take in lots of oxygen from water.
The efficient counter current system alongside their low metabolic demands as their body weight is supported by water and they don't maintain their own body temperature
They maintain their body temperature and are active.
Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide and then returns to the heart Blood flows through the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body before returning
Elastic fibres- composed of elastic and can stretch and recoil Collagen- provides structural stability Smooth muscle- can contract or relax to change the size of the lumen
pulmonary and umbillical arteries
They stretch when blood is pumped out of the heart andim between contracts they recoil and rerun to their original length which helps to maintain blood pressure and smooth out the blood flow
Link the arteries and capillaries
Have a narrow lumen and a smooth endothelium layer to allow blood to pass over it, then an elastic layer, then a muscle layer and then a collagen layer
Have more smooth muscle and less elastin in the cells as they have little pulse surges and can construct and dilate to alter blood flow to specific organs
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Decreases as greater pressure closer to the heart so more elastic fibres needed to stretch during systole and recoil during diastole to even blood flow
Decreases as less collagen needed for support as the blood pressure is lower
Aorta has the least then a medium sized artery has more as more involved in vaso construction/dilation and an arteriole has more proportionally but less overall
Microscopic, one cell-thick vessels that connect arterioles and venules
Oxygenated
Deoxygenated
Very large surface area for diffusion of substances The total cross-sections area of the capillaries is larger then the arteriole so blood flood flow is slower and more time for diffusion of materials The walls are a single endothelial cell thick
pulmonary and umbilical veins
Inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
they have no pulse surge and its much lower
they have little elastic fibres and lots of collagen and the vessels have a wide lumen and a smooth lining called the endothelium
these are flaps of the inner lining of the vein and when blood flows in the direction of the heart the valves open to let blood flow but if it flows backwards they close
many of the bigger veins run between the big muscles in the body like arms and legs. When they contract they squeeze the veinns forcing the blood towards the heart
The breathing movements of the chest act like a pump. The pressure changes and the squeezing actions move blood in the veins of the chest towards the heart
bicuspid valve
Tendinous cords
tricuspid valve
semi-lunar valves
0.8 seconds
the heart relaxes. The atria and ventricles fill with blood and the pressure starts to build. The pressure in the arteries is it a minimum
Atrial systole
ventricular systole
Atriole systole occurs closely followed by ventricular systole and pressure inside the heart increases dramatically. blood is forced out of the right side of the heart to the lungs and from the left side to the main body. The volume and pressure in the heart are low but in the arteries at a maximum
the lub sound comes from when the atrioventricular valves close during the beginning of ventricular systole and the dub sound comes from the semi-lunar valves closing when the ventricles relaxw
the heart is able to make its own rhythm independent of any electrical signals
the walls of the atria to contract
the atrio-ventricular node (AVN)
To make sure the atria have stopped contracting by the time the ventricles contract
the bundle of His
Conductive tissue called Purkyne fibres
An electro-cardiogram
when your resting heart rate is too quick (above 100bpm)
When your resting heart rate is too slow (below 60bpm)
An extra or 1 less heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythm. Most people have one per day. Irregular
irregular rapid heart beat. When the atria contract a lot and the ventricles much less frequently
made of plasma- carries all the components like glucose and amino acids and fibrinogen, globulins. Transports red and white blood cells and platelets
made up of megakaryocutes found in the red bone marrow, used in clotting
erythrocytes
leucocytes
albumin which has a role in osmotic effect
the large plasma proteins gives the blood in the capillaries a low water potential compared with the surrounding fluid. As a result water has a tendency to move into the blood of the capillaries
-3.3 kPa
when blood flows through the blood vessels and is under pressure from the surge of blood that occurs when the heart contracts and is forced outwards
4.6 kPa
2.3 kPa
the hydrostatic pressure is stronger then the oncotic pressure so fluid moves out to form tissue fluid
Fluid has moved out of the vessels and a pulse is completely gone so now oncotic pressure is higher then hydrostatic pressure so fluid moves back into the capillaries
the fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and has the same composition as plasma, without red blood cells and plasma proteins
10% of tissue fluid doesn't return to the capillaries and drain into a system of lymphatic capillaries.
Similar in composition to tissue fluid but with fewer nutrients and has fatty acids
through he squeezing of the body muscles and there are one-way valves to stop backflow
lymph nodes filter out debris and bacteria from the lymph which are destroyed the immune system. Lymphocytes also build up here and make antibodies
Hb + 402 -> Hb08
it has large proteins, erythrocytes and neutrophils
has no large proteins or erythrocytes but has neutrophills
has no erythrocytes or large proteins but has neutrophills
C02 + H20 <--> H2C03 Carbonic acid is made
carbonic anhydrase
H2C03 -> H+ +HC03-
it denatures the blood proteins
Hb + H+ <--> HHB Haemoglobinic acid This causes the release of oxygen from haemoglobin
More C02 causes more oxygen to be released which is useful during exercise
found in two forms Oxymyglobin Deoxymyglobin
At high levels of carbon dioxide the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen is lower because more oxygen is released.
more to the right and further down
pigment that stores oxygen in muscles. Always more saturated with oxygen than haemoglobin
The foetus needs oxygen from maternal haemoglobin. It diffuses from maternal blood to foetus via placenta. Foetal haemoglobin has a higher Affinity or association potential.
hydrogen carbonate
Foetus gains oxygen from the mother across the placenta The partial pressure oxygen in the placenta is low Maternal haemoglobin releases oxygen Foetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen Maintains a diffusion gradient
Oxygen would not be released readily enough Because affinity of foetal haemoglobin would be too high
Foetal haemoglobin is more to the left so it has a higher affinity to oxygen