Master this deck with 104 terms through effective study methods.
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Cohesion - hydrogen bonds Adhesion - hydrogen bonds High specific latent heat High specific heat capacity More dense then ice Solvent - polar Surface tension Transparent
Acts as a coolant for example in lakes it take a lot of energy to evaporate. Or through sweating and transpiration in plants
Maintains constant temperature in cellular environments is important as enzymes are only active in certain ranges. Buffers temperature changes in chemical reactions
Ice forms from the top down and provides thermal insulation. Habitat for polar bears
Medium for chemically reactions as it can contain dissolved minerals
Helps to transport water from roots to leaves through capillary action
Strong enough to support small insects like pond skaters
Underwater plants can receive sunlight and do photosynthesis to grow
Breaking apart of a compound by adding water and breaking a covalent bond
Movement of a liquid into a cell
Movement of a liquid out of a cell
The movement of water molecules form a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane
the process by which water can rise up a narrow tube against the force of gravity
9
11 non-essential amino acids
the sequence in which the amino acids are joined
The folding of the polypeptide chain, when hydrogen bonds form between amino acids.
Alpha helix Beta pleated sheet
The final 3D shape of a polypeptide chain caused by the folding of its secondary structure.
2 or more polypeptide chains bonded to each other
They are 3d, spherical, soluble proteins Often are complementary to another molecule Can have prosthetic groups and be conjugated Hydrophobic interior
When a protein folds into their tertitary structure in a way that keeps hydrophobic R groups on the inside.
. Usually globular .Contain a non-protein component called a prosthetic group
A simple protein
They are long, strong, insoluble moleucles as they have lots of hydrophobic R-groups. They contain limited range of amino acids, and the sequence is repetitive.
. quaternary protein containing four haem prosthetic groups
Protein is a group of fibrous proteins in hair, skin and nails
it has lots of the sulfur containing amino acid called cysteine. Many disulphide bonds forming strong, inflexible materials- hair has fewer bonds making it more flexible
Fibrous protein
Oxyhaemoglobin
Fibrous protein with a triple helix of polypeptide chains. One amino acid that is common is glycine
Triglyceride
Adipose tissue
Thermal insulation - blubber Electrical insulation - myelin sheath in neurones makes the signal travel quicker
It releases 2x as much energy as carbohydrates
It is a type of sterol. Not made from fatty acids or glycerol but consists of 4 carbon based rings
Saturated - solid Unsaturated - liquid
Peptide bond
Esther bond
It is insoluble because it's non polar so won't affect water potential and osmosis
Glycosidic bond
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Triose
Pentose sugar
Hexose sugar
Bonded upwards of the carbon atom
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Ribose Is a pentose sugar Glucose is a hexose sugar
Both have a ring structure Both have a CH2OH group Same ratio of C H O
Formed from many beta glucose bonded together. Has hydrogen bonds between layers
High tensile strength Insoluble Permeable due to hydrogen bonds
Cholesterol
Amylose and amylopectin
Alpha glucose, insoluble large molecule used for energy storage
glycogen is more branched so has a much more rapid release of glucose higher SA.Starch contains some amylose which is straight and coiled
Found in liver and muscles. Found in the form of granules and is large and insoluble. Energy storage
Found in the form of grains inside plants
Calorimeter
Spirometer
Sulfur
C6 H12 06
C12 H22 011
When the fatty acids contain 2 or more carbon to carbon double bonds
Put 3 cm cubes of sample in a test tube and add excess Benedict's solution. Heat in a water bath of 85 degrees for 5 minutes. If positive it will go from blue to brick red
All monosaccharides and some polysaccharides
Put 3 cm cubes of sample in a test tube. Add 3 cm cubes of hydrochloric acid into boiling tube and heat in a water bath for 5 minutes. Add dilute sodium hydroxide. Add excess Benedict's solution and heat in a large water bath for 5 minutes
Mix a sample a test tube with a solution containing iodine and potassium iodide. If present it goes from orange to blue black
Add 3 cm cubed of sample to a test tube. Add a couple drops of sodium hydroxide receptors to the sample. Add excess 10 drops of copper sulphate. If protein is present it turns from blue to lilac
Add ethanol to the solution. Then add water and shake the boiling tube. If lipids are present then a cloudy emulsion will happen.
RNA has ribose and DNA has deoxyribose
Adenine and guanine bases with double carbon ring structures
Bases with single carbon ring structures cytosine and thymine and uracil
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymime
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
Substitution, addition and deletion
Joins nucleotides together by forming phosphodiester bonds
Helicase
The strand which Rna polymerase reads to synthesize mRNA. It is complementary to the coding strand
The coding/sense/non-template strand
AUG
a sequence of 3 nucleotide bases which codes for 1 amino acid
an anticodon
peptidyl transferase
tRNA
provides the template for protein synthesis
in the nucleus
Uracil
exons
Introns
Sterols are a type of lipid that have very different structure from other lipids. Classes as lipids as they aren't water soluble. It's composed of four carbon rings
The hydrophobic tails face inwards and the hydrophilic phosphate heads face outward which causes a flexible permeable structure
muscle contractions
key component in haemoglobin
helps transport glucose and amino acids through carrier proteins
transport vesicles
secretory vesicles
The highest water potential is 0 and the more concentrated the solution the more negative the potential
Hydrogen bonds Ionic bonds Disulphide bridges Hydrophilic/phobic interactions
Found in the skin, the lungs and blood vessels
pentose sugar has two CH20H groups