Master this deck with 90 terms through effective study methods.
Imported from Quizlet
behavioral, psychological, and social characteristics associated with being biologically male or female
ovaries + testes
med term for condtitions that can lead to atypical chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sexual development ie. intersex (previously referred to as hermaphroditism or pseudohermaphroditism
a threadlike structure in the nucleus of a cell that carries genetic information
production of offspring from the union of 2 parents
a male or female reproductive cell ie. spermatozoon or ovum
70s-80s y.o: testosterone decreases = decrease in sperm, ejaculate, muscle strength, fatigue, mood disturbances
any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
rod-shaped bodies in the nucleus of a cell at the time of cell division that contain information about whether the fetus will become male or female
the union of two gametes which occur when a haploid sperm + haploid = diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes
period of intrauterine fetal development
Yes depending on if an X chromosome sperm or Y chromosome sperm unites with the X-chromosome of the ovum (irony = men blame women for not bearing a son when in fact the sex is determined by his sperm)
XX chromosome
XY chromosome
male gonads inside scrotum --> produce testosterone
female gonads that produce ova and sex hormones
Mullerian and Wolffian ducts
7th -8th week
10-11th week
Wolffian ducts disappear due to lack of male hormones + Mullerian ducts fuse/ form uterus & vagina
testes produce Mullerian inhibiting factor + testosterone --> Mullerian ducts disappear during 3d month and Wolffian ducts are stimulated
YES; until 8th week undifferentiated tissue = tubercle which is a mound of skin beneath the umbilical cord
secrete hormones into blood
a hormone that promotes the development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics;
testes + adrenal glands
andrenal glands
hormone secreted by ovaries and helps regulate menstrual cycle
pituitary hormone that stimulates the ejection of milk from the breasts and causes increased contraction of uterus during labor
pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production + production of progesterone
sex = biological aspects of being male or female gender = behavioral, psychological, and social characteristics of men and women
Bruce = born male --> circumcision went wrong so family decided to carry out a sex reassignment surgery - lived life as Brenda but didn't feel like a girl - then became David but committed suicide
1. sperm fertilizes the egg (23+23 chromosomes) --> zygote (46 chromosomes) 2. implantation hopefully on uterus 3. fetus development
both male and female fetuses in-utero start out the same with undifferentiated internal organs: - male = once testes formed, they produce Mullerian inhibiting factor which stops the growth of Mullerian duct from becoming female internal sex organs - female = wolffian degenerates and Mullerian becomes uterus + vagina
start from the same mound of skin: tubercle then differentiates into penis + vulva
presence of androgens during appropriate critical stage of development may be the factor that programs the CNS to development sexual behaviors
genitals = early in pregnancy brain = later in pregnancy
term used for a variety of chromosomal or hormonal conditions that can lead to the development of reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't fit the typical definitions of female/ male
men
- men have 3 sex chromosomes (XXY) because ovum has an extra X chromosome (total chromosomes =47) - small testes, low sperm count, breast enlargement, no facial/ body hair
abnormal breast development in male
testosterone therapy during adolescence --> enhance secondary sexual characteristics
females
- female ovum has no sex chromosome and is being fertilized by an X sperm (XO, total chromosomes = 45) - lack of internal female sex organs, infertility, short stature, mental retardation - amenorrhea
can grow up with this condition undetected --> likelihood of mental retardation/ infertility
can grow up undetected --> likelihood of mental retardation, infertility, genital abnormalities
1. congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) 2. androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
condition involving overproduction of androgen in the adrenal glands because the body lacks an enzyme in the adrenal gland that can't regulate androgen production
- masculinized genitals ie. enlarged clitoris - menstrual irregularities - early body hair - deepening of voice
early pubertal changes
pregnant woman take androgens/ drugs that mimic male hormones
CAH girls exhibit more tomboyism + have higher rates of bisexuality/ homosexuality
a condition in which a genetic male's cells are insensitive to androgens, resulting in the development of female external genitalia (but no female internal repro organs)
when a seemingly normal girl fails to menstruate and chromosomal analysis discovers that she is genetically male, XY
gonads develop into testes and produce testosterone but the individual's cells can't absorb it --> testosterones thus have no effect on the body
- Wolffian ducts didn't respond to testosterone during differentiation --> no external male genitalia - but the Mullerian Inhibiting Factor was released --> no female internal organs --> AIS people only have two testes in abdomen that the body cannot use and the "default" female external genitalia
culturally defined ways of behaving seen as appropriate for males and females including the attitudes, personality traits, emotions, and even postures and body language - extended into social behaviors such as the occupations we choose, how we dress, wear our hair, how we talk, and how we interact with others
innate or biologically determined gender-specific behaviors
the ideal cluster of traits that society attributes to males ie. strong, stable, aggressive, competitive, self-reliant, and emotionally undemonstrative
the ideal cluster of traits that society attributes to females ie. intuitive, loving, nurturing, emotionally expressive, gentle
1. Klinefelter Syndrome = genetically male (XXY) but features are feminized 2. Turner Syndrome = genetically female (XO) but no female organs --> infertility 3. XYY = undetectable mental retardation 4. XXX = undetectable mental retardation
1. CAH = congenital andrenal hyperplasia (CAH) --> females produce a lot of androgens 2. AIS = body can't absorb testosterone
World cannot split that cleanly into biological vs. social causes of behavior
1. physically males tend to be larger/ stronger with more of their body weight in muscles rather than fat 2. females are more neurologically advanced than males and they mature faster 3. females are heartier; males are more likely to have developmental conditions ie. autism + more likely to miscarry/ stillborn 4. females = higher prevalence of depression/ eating disorders
1. boys engaged in more rough-and-tumble play + dominated egoistically (control situation thru commands) 2. girls sought/ offered physical contact, sought help, and suggested responsibility (invoking rules/ greater good)
the process i which an infant is taught the basic skills for functioning in society
1. evolutionary theory = adapting to environment 2. social learning theory = learning from our environment 3. cognitive development theory = age-stage learning
use biological difference between man and woman to explain gender difference - male = player --> can impregnate many women at any given time - female = slut --> can only get pregnant once/ after birth
learn gender roles from environment ie. same system of rewards and punishments that we learn our other social roles i.e. kids model behavior after their same-sex parent
all kids go through a universal pattern of development and there really is not much parents can do to alter it --> kids can only process a certain kind and amount of info at each development stage
cognitive mechanism that helps to organize info
cognitive mechanism that helps us to understand gender roles
comment on a little girl becoming very strong... don't even make that comment for a little boy
a cognitive thinking pattern that divides the world into male and female categories and suggests the appropriate behaviors, thoughts, actions, professions, and emotions for each
having high levels of both masculine and feminine traits
androgyny
a gender classification system that divides people into two groups - male/ female
continuum of possibilities of biological gender, gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation
an individual whose gender identity or gender expression lies outside of the socially accepted gender norms
a general term referring to a person or group of people who identify or express their gender in a variety of different ways, typically in opposition to their biological sex
transyouth, transsexuals, transwomen, and transmen
a label often used to describe youth who are experiencing issues related to gender identity or expression
a person who identifies with a gender other than the one he or she was given at birth
a label that may be used by male-to-female transsexuals to signify they are female with male history
a label that may be used by female to male transsexuals to signify they are male with a female history
a condition in which a person feels extreme confusion and/or discomfort between his/ her biological sex/ gender identity
umbrella terms in the gender diverse community that refer to a range of different sexual orientations, gender behaviors, or ideologies
a flexible range of gender expression, which can change day-to-day and allows for less restrictive and stereotypical gender expectations
negative attitudes, behaviors, or discrimination against those who are transgender
a condition in which people identify with a gender other than the one they were given at birth
a wide range of various surgical options to change genitalia of a transsexual (ie. gender reassignment)