Master this deck with 26 terms through effective study methods.
Imported from Quizlet
a set of claims (each of which is either true or false, but not both at the same time), one of which (the conclusion) is supposed to be supported in some way by the others (the premises).
deductive argument whose conclusion cannot be false if the premises are true - true premises guarantee a true conclusion
if the argument is valid (true premises guarantee true conclusion) and all its premises are true
An argument **intended** to be such that its conclusion can't be false if its premises are true. 1. Ploy lives in Bangkok 2. Thus, she lives in the capital of Thailand
An argument intended to be such that its conclusion is **probably** true if its premises are true. 1. Airline has had a sale every spring for 10 years 2. Thus, airline will have a sale this spring
1. all observed P are F 1. all observed Americans are loud 2. All P are F 2. all Americans are loud
1. F is like P 1. Canadians are like Americans 2. P has property A 2. Americans are loud 3. F had property A 3. Canadians are loud
1. P 1. sound in closet 2. best explanation for P is A 2. best explanation: cat in there 3. therefor A 3. therefor, cat in there
the amount of support that the premises are intended to provide for the conclusion. deductive: premises support conclusion to the highest possible degree (i.e. 100 percent certainty). inductive: premises support conclusion only to some degree of probability.
To say that a state of affairs is causally possible is to say that it does not violate the laws of nature (i.e. the laws of physics). it is causally possible that: - an earthquake will destroy all buildings in Bangkok - someone can walk from Alaska to Chile it is causally impossible that: - Donald Trump will turn to a frog
To say that a state of affairs is logically possible is to say that it does not entail a contradiction; in other words, we can **imagine** it. it is logically possible that: - Donald Trump will turn to a frog - godzilla will destroy Bangkok it is logically impossible that - a girl is taller than herself -a ball is both entirely red and entirely green at once
A is a necessary condition for B if B cannot exist without A - A is required for B **THE CONSEQUENT**
C is a sufficient condition for D if the occurrence of C guarantees the occurrence of D - C is enough for D **THE ANTECEDENT**
A is a necessary condition for B = You cannot have B without A; A is required for the occurrence of B. For example: A = being a woman B = being pregnant Being a woman is a necessary condition for being pregnant: you can't be pregnant unless you are a woman.
C is a sufficient condition for D = C guarantees the occurrence of D; C is enough for D. For example: C = frying an egg D = cooking an egg Frying an egg is sufficient for cooking it; you cannot fry an egg without thereby cooking it.
A is a necessary condition for B = B is a sufficient condition for A - passing LAS105 is a necessary condition for graduating SPD - graduating SPD if a sufficient condition for passing LAS105 - receiving some votes is a necessary condition for winning an election - winning an election is a sufficient condition for winning some votes
A sufficient condition is satisfied 1. If P then Q 1. if its raining the streets are wet 2. P 2. its raining 3. then Q 3. the streets are wet
A necessary condition isn't satisfied 1. If P, then Q 1, If its raining, the streets are wet 2. not Q 2. the streets arent wet 3. therefor, not P 3. its not raining
1. P or Q 1. shes thai or chinese 2. not P 2. nots not thai 3. therefor Q 3. shes chinese
1. If P then Q 1. if listen to gandhi, become vegetarian 2. If Q then R 2. if vegetarian, less $ on food 3. therefor, if P then R 3. if listen to gandhi, less $ on food
it is possible for all the claims in the set to be true- they contain **no contradictions**
arguing something isn't important because its not necessary or sufficient for something good or valuable example: arguing democracy is unimportant because it's not necessary or sufficient for good government- hypothetically a dictator could run a government well. while democracy isn't necessary for good government, it makes good government more likely
"if" claim in conditional statement - also "provided that" the sufficient condition!!! - Being born in the US is a sufficient condition for US citizenship - IF John was born in the US, then he is a US citizen - B → C
"then" claim in conditional statement - also "only if" the necessary condition!!! - being female is a necessary condition for being pregnant - if a person is pregnant, THEN they must be female - P → F
mistakes necessary condition for sufficient 1. If P, then Q 1. if its raining, the streets are wet 2. Q 2. the streets are wet 3. Therefor P 3. its raining
mistakes sufficient condition for necessary 1. If P, then Q 1. if its raining, the streets are wet 2. not P 2. its not raining 3. Therefor, not Q 3. the streets aren't wet