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It serves as a fundamental model for atomic structure.
Electrons move between fixed energy levels, emitting or absorbing energy.
They are quantized and depend on the principal quantum number.
A photon is emitted with energy equal to the difference in levels.
Higher energy transitions produce light of higher frequency.
They are inversely proportional; as one increases, the other decreases.
It consists of discrete lines corresponding to specific energy transitions.
E = h * f, where E is energy, h is Planck's constant, and f is frequency.
It predicts the wavelengths of spectral lines in hydrogen.
Higher temperatures generally increase reaction rates.
They lower the activation energy, speeding up the reaction without being consumed.
It occurs without external energy input, often releasing energy.
It measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Strong acids completely dissociate in solution, while weak acids do not.
Dilution decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions, increasing pH.
It determines the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a standard solution.
It quantifies the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium.
It states that a system at equilibrium will adjust to counteract changes.
Negative Gibbs free energy indicates a spontaneous reaction.
Endothermic reactions absorb heat, while exothermic reactions release heat.