Psych. Exam 2

    Master this deck with 67 terms through effective study methods.

    Imported from Quizlet

    Created by @klrally

    Pavlovian conditioning

    Associate a signal with the important event it signals.

    Operant conditioning

    The consequences of our behavior affect future behavior.

    Social Conditioning

    Learning what to do from others.

    Reflex

    A stimulus triggers a response; does not qualify as learning.

    Unconditional stimulus

    Stimulus that produces an unconditional response without prior learning.

    Unconditional response

    Response that occurs automatically to an unconditional stimulus.

    Conditional stimulus

    Stimulus that, after conditioning, elicits a conditional response.

    Conditional response

    Response that is learned through conditioning.

    Excitatory conditioning

    Signals the unconditional stimulus.

    Short Delay conditioning

    Conditional stimulus occurs a few seconds before unconditional stimulus.

    Long Delay Conditioning

    Conditional stimulus occurs many seconds before the unconditional stimulus.

    Trace conditioning

    Conditional stimulus occurs a few hours before the unconditional stimulus.

    Inhibitory conditioning

    Signals no unconditional stimulus.

    Stimulus generalization

    Conditional response learned to one stimulus occurs without additional training to other, similar stimuli.

    Systematic Desensitization

    Technique involving a fear hierarchy and relaxation techniques.

    Law of Effect

    Satisfaction leads to stronger associations between stimuli and responses.

    Reinforcement Contingencies

    Rules that determine the consequences of behavior.

    Positive reinforcement

    Adding social approval or money.

    Negative reinforcement

    Escaping social disapproval.

    Positive Punishment

    Adding social disapproval or painful stimulation.

    Negative punishment

    Timeout from playing a game.

    Operant extinction

    Behavior and consequence are no longer associated.

    Partial reinforcement extinction effect

    Behavior reinforced after some responses; responding is eliminated slowly.

    Shaping New Operant Responses

    Reinforce successive approximations to a final response.

    Primary Reinforcers

    Events that you will work for without prior conditioning.

    Secondary Reinforcers

    Events that you will work for after prior conditioning.

    Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers

    Secondary reinforcers that have been paired with multiple effects.

    Cumulative Record

    Records the highest level of responding on variable ratio schedules.

    Latent learning

    Occurs when behavior is learned but not yet demonstrated.

    Cognitive map

    Allows you to mentally walk through a place.

    Bandura's Observation Phases

    Attention, Retention, Production, Motivation.

    Biological preparedness

    Some responses go with specific reinforcers and punishers.

    Learned helplessness

    Prior experiences affect the ability to control future events.

    Iconic Memory

    The visual components of sensory memory.

    Echoic Memory

    The auditory component of sensory memory.

    Immediate Memory

    A system that actively holds onto a limited amount of information.

    Rehearsal

    The process of repeating information to yourself.

    Memory span

    Generally, the limit is about what you can rehearse in roughly 2 seconds.

    Ovulation

    When an egg is released from an ovary.

    Fertilization

    Occurs when a sperm meets an egg in the fallopian tube during ovulation.

    Twins

    Can be dizygotic (fraternal) or monozygotic (identical).

    Dizygotic twins

    Two eggs released in ovulation and fertilized by two different sperm.

    Monozygotic twins

    One egg released in ovulation and fertilized by one sperm.

    Period of zygote

    Lasts 2 weeks gestation with rapid cell division.

    Period of embryo

    Lasts from 2-8 weeks gestation with growth of major bodily structures.

    Period of the fetus

    Lasts from 9 weeks gestation until birth, involving refinements and finishing touches.

    Teratogens

    Environmental agents or substances that negatively impact prenatal development.

    Alcohol

    Can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, including Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.

    Thalidomide

    Used during the 1960s to prevent morning sickness.

    Zika Virus

    Can cause microcephaly in infants.

    Jean Piaget

    Important figure in developmental psychology known for his stages of development.

    Lev Vygotsky

    Created the sociocultural theory and introduced the concept of scaffolding.

    Zone of proximal development

    The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help.

    Attachment style

    Refers to the patterns of attachment behavior exhibited by infants towards caregivers.

    Secure attachment

    Infants adjust calmly to the parent leaving and returning.

    Insecure-resistant attachment

    Infants hold onto parent to prevent separation.

    Insecure-avoidant attachment

    Infants show little interest when the parent leaves or reappears.

    Disorganized attachment

    Infants want to be close but also away from the parent.

    Lawrence Kohlberg

    Studied moral understanding using vignettes, notably Heinz's dilemma.

    Preconventional morality

    Morality based on reciprocity and punishment.

    Conventional morality

    Morality based on societal pressures.

    Post-conventional morality

    Morality based on internal principles irrespective of societal expectations.

    Fluid Intelligence

    Ability to learn new things and solve novel problems.

    Crystallized Intelligence

    Knowledge that is ingrained in your brain.

    Dementia

    Deterioration of brain function, not part of normal aging.

    Alzheimer's

    A form of dementia that includes impairments of memory, language, and cognitive function.

    Socioemotional selectivity theory

    Focus on building close relationships and maintaining emotional well-being.