patho

What could qualify for a medically necessary breast reduction to be covered by insurance?

1. Breast Size by weight or cup size large than DD 2. Kyphosis or indentions from the bra straps on shoulders 3. Pain in the neck, shoulders, or back

Gestational hypertension puts the mother at risk for which colndition s that may have lasting effects?

1. Stroke 2. CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) 3. Pre-eclampsia & eclampsia

A young gravid is what age or younger at delivery?

16

This approach would typically be used to perform a hysterectomy

Transvaginal

Transvaginal

Across or through the vagina

Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the uterus

Benign or malignant Breast Disorder: Diffuse Microcalcification

Benign

Symptoms: Spotting between periods

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

A spontaneous abortion in which the POC partially pass naturally

Incomplete Abortion

What disease is commonly responsible for female infertility?

1. Pelvic inflammatory disease & polycystic ovarian disease (PCOS) 2. Adhesions 3. Endometriosis & endometrial polyps

When are the symptoms of fibrocystic breasts more pronounced?

Menstruation

How long is the 2nd trimester?

14 weeks (14-28 weeks)

The procedure to diagnose a fallopian tube obstruction

Hysterosalpingography (HSG)

BPH (Benign prostatic hyperplasia) is treated with these 2 surgical procedures

TULIP (laser ablation of prostate) & TURP (removal of prostate tissue)

Breast disorder, benign or malignant: Unilateral Microcalcification

Malignant

Interventions for uterine inertia

Oxytocin

Uterine Inertia

Failure of the uterus to contract with sufficient strength, duration, or frequency during labor

Two types of ectopic pregnancies

1. Abdominal 2. Fallopian Tube

Fibrous strands/scar tissue which binds structures together

Adhesions

What surgical treatment is typically performed for endometriosis?

Laparoscopic Fulguration

Term for short labor

Precipitate Labor

A spontaneous abortion in which all the POC are retained

Missed abortion

Stage of labor where the placenta is delivered

Third stage

Twisting of the spermatic cord

Torsion

An elderly gravid is what age or older at delivery?

35<

A molar pregnancy is a benign embryonic tumor or a cluster of embryonic cells which are non-viable

True

Debulking of abdominal cancers would be accomplished using this type of approach

Laparotomy

An episiotomy extension is a tear of what anatomical structure

Perineum

Identify the type of uterine fibroid: Bulge into the uterine cavity

Submucosal

What are complications of PCOS

1. Infertility & Metabolic syndrome 2. Diabetes & Non-alcoholic hepatitis 3. Endogenous obesity & Predisposition to uterine cancer

These approaches are used for almost all gynecological surgeries.

Laparoscopy & Transvaginal

What is a rectocele?

Prolapse of rectum into the vagina

Ureathral meatus opens on the dorsal surface of the penis

Epispadias

Longest stage of labor

First Stage

Describe the difference between uterine fibroids and endometrial polyps.

Size, Shape, Location, Malignant or not

Stage of labor where cervical dialation begins

First Stage

What is enterocele?

Prolapse of vaginal walls

What is the cause of PID, and how is it treated?

Bacterial infection, antibiotics

Identify the type of uterine fibroids: Bulge outside the uterus

Subserosal

Diagnosis: Blood loss anemia

Menometorrhagia

Etiology: Puberty Hormones

Dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea

painful menstruation

These pelvic locations are the most likely to have endometrial implants due to endometriosis

1. Small intestines & Broad ligament 2. Fallopian tubes & ovaries 3. Uterus & Bladder

What is a uterine prolapse?

The uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina

When determining the Apgar score, the baby is evaluated at _ minute(s) and _ minutes

1,5

Apgar score

A scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborn infant's physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

Excess Amniotic fluid

Polyhydramnios

Failure of the uterus to contract in the active stage; arrested; failure to progress

Uterine Inertia

Breast disorder, identify if they are benign or malignant: Fibroadenoma

Benign

Baby's head is too large for the mom's bony pelvis

Cephalopelvic Disproportion

Symptoms: Postmenopausal bleeding

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

This surgical procedure removes uterine fibroids and preserves fertility

Myomectomy

What medication is typically prescribed to treat female hormone disorders?

Oral contraceptives

Surgical procedure to treat gynecomastia

Subcutaneous mastectomy

Incision made in the perineum to increase the size of the vaginal opening

Episiotmy

How is the due date calculated?

1st day of last menstrual period + 280 days

Signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia

1. Headache, edema, and proteinuria 2. Decreased urine output and increased liver enzymes 3. Shortness of breath and hypertension

Match the ovarian cyst to their description: dermoid

Germ Cell

For the breast disorders, identify if they are benign or malignant: Fibrocystic Breasts

Benign

Match the ovarian cyst to their description: mucinous

Cystadenoma

Medical term for uterine fibroids

Leiomyoma

When is PCOS typically diagnosed?

Puberty

Surgical procedures for prolapse of the uterus and vaginal walls

Hysterectomy & Colporrhaphy

Stage of labor where the baby is delivered?

Second Stage

Rh compatibility, the Rh type of the mother is __ and the baby is __

-,+

Retrograde ejaculation results in semen ejaculated:

Into the bladder

Spontaneous abortion in which the POC all come out naturally

Complete abortion

What is a cystocele?

Prolapse of the bladder into the vagina

Cause of fetal distress include:

1. Prolonged pregnancy 2. Placental infarction 3. Nuchal cord/cord compression

Match the ovarian cyst to their description: simple

Serous

What is hirsutism, and what causes it?

Excess facial and body hair, excess androgens/hormonal imbalance

Identify the type of uterine fibroid: In the muscular wall

Intramural

Match the ovarian cyst to its description: Corpus Luteum

Clotted Blood

Ureathral meatus opens on the under surface of the penis

Hypospadias

The liver disorder that is caused by antibodies produced by the mother that attack the baby

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

For the breast disorder, identify if they are benign or malignant: Gynecomastia

Benign

Accumulation of endometrial lining, which does not shed in menstruation:

Dysfunctional Proliferative endometrium

This type of procedure would be performed to destroy lesions on the vulva

Fulguration

When is delivery complete?

Once the placenta is delivered

The term for low lying placenta

Placenta Previa

What does uterine artery embolization accomplish?

Cuts off blood supply, shrinking a fibroid

Risks to the baby if the mom develops gestational diabetes include:

1. Type II diabetes 2. Fetal macrosomia (large baby) 3. Hypoglycemia

Condition(s) that would require a classical cesarean section

1. Locked or conjoined twins 2. Hydrocephalus

Undescended testicle

Cryptorchidism

How far do first and second-degree tears extend?

Vaginal