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an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm, and between the lungs
membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
superficial layer of the pericardium composed of tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue - prevents overstretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum
thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart
outer layer of the serous pericardium
inner layer of the serous pericardium (also known as the epicardium)
reduces friction between the layers of the serous pericardium as the heart moves
middle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue
inner layer of the heart that provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart
wrinkled pouch like structure on the anterior surface of each atrium - increase the capacity of the atria
heart chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from three veins: the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
remnant of the foramen ovale, an opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart that normally closes soon after birth
valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle - closes to prevent blood from going back into right atrium
heart chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk
heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood from 4 pulmonary veins
valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle
heart chamber that pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic valve to the aorta
cone shaped raised bundles of cardiac muscle within the ventricles that attach to chordae tendoneae then to valve cusps
remnant of the ductus arterioles, a temporary blood vessel between the pulmonary trunk and aorta
blood vessels that move deoxygenated blood towards the lungs
blood vessels that move oxygenated blood from the lung towards the heart
site of gas exchange in the lungs (oxygen into blood/carbon dioxide out of blood)
blood vessel supplies blood to most of the right side of the heart - divides into posterior interventricular and marginal branches
blood vessel supplies blood to most of the left side of the heart - divides into anterior interventricular and circumflex branches
receives blood from coronary veins and drains into the right atrium
sets the rhythm of the cardiac conduction system - located in the superior wall of the right atrium
conducts action potentials from the atria to the bundle of His - provides a delay to give time for the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles
rapidly conduct the action potentials from the apex of the heart upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium
atrial depolarization on an EKG
onset of ventricular depolarization on an EKG
ventricular repolarization on an EKG
arrhythmia - slow conduction through the AV node resulting in a prolonged P-R interval
arrhythmia - some impulses don't pass through the AV node resulting in a "dropped beat"
arrhythmia - rapid, irregular atrial contractions
arrhythmia - lack of atrial depolarization resulting in no clear P waves
arrhythmia - ventricles depolarize at high rates leading to premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
arrhythmia - disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles leading to "quivering"
volume in a ventricle prior to ejection
volume of blood ejected from a ventricle during a single cardiac cycle
volume in a ventricle after ejection
percentage of end-diastolic volume ejected (= SV/EDV)
volume (in L/min) ejected from a ventricle each minute (= SV X HR)
location of the cardiovascular control center
nerves containing sympathetic neurons that increase heart rate and contractility (force)
nerves containing parasympathetic neurons that decrease heart rate
stretching of the heart resulting in more forceful muscle contraction
strength (force) of muscle contraction
pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open
substances that increase contractility (sympathetic stimulation, Epi/NE, thyroid hormones, calcium)
substances that decrease contractility (beta blockers, calcium channel inhibitors)
substances that increase heart rate
substances that decrease heart rate