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    What is brucellosis?

    A bacterial zoonosis primarily from infected ruminants and swine.

    What causes human brucellosis?

    Strains of the Brucella genus, particularly B. melitensis.

    How does brucellosis differ from typhoid fever?

    Brucellosis has an undulating fever pattern and musculoskeletal symptoms.

    What are the main sources of B. melitensis?

    Sheep, goats, and camels.

    What is the incubation period for brucellosis?

    Varies from 1 week to several months.

    What are common symptoms of brucellosis?

    Fever, sweats, fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain.

    How is brucellosis transmitted?

    Through ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact with infected animals.

    What role do macrophages play in brucellosis?

    They are key target cells for Brucella, allowing persistent infection.

    What is the significance of the smooth Brucella LPS?

    It aids in resistance to phagocytosis and plays a role in pyrogenicity.

    What diagnostic tests are used for brucellosis?

    Blood cultures, serologic tests, and PCR.

    What is the standard treatment for brucellosis?

    Combination therapy with doxycycline and rifampin or streptomycin.

    What is a common complication of brucellosis?

    Endocarditis, affecting the aortic valve.

    How does brucellosis affect pregnant women?

    Increased incidence of fetal loss, but not teratogenic.

    What preventive measures are recommended for brucellosis?

    Vaccination of animals and pasteurization of milk products.

    What is the prognosis for brucellosis?

    Relapse occurs in up to 30% of poorly compliant patients.

    How does brucellosis differ from tuberculosis in diagnosis?

    Brucellosis shows noncaseating granulomas without acid-fast bacilli.