UCSC psych midterm

    Master this deck with 69 terms through effective study methods.

    Imported from Quizlet

    Created by @anifonta

    Developmental Science

    Focuses on physical/ cognitive/ social/ emotional changes from conception until death.

    Two Main Goals of Developmental Science

    To understand basic developmental processes and to help people.

    Five Periods Between Conception and Adulthood

    Prenatal, Infancy, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, Adolescence.

    Four Domains of Development

    Social, Emotional, Cognitive, Physical.

    Four Central Issues of Developmental Science

    Sources of development (nature vs. nurture), plasticity (how development varies over time), continuity/ discontinuity, and individual differences.

    Theory in the Scientific Sense

    A set of principals that guide the interpretation of facts.

    Five Methods of Data Collection Used to Study Development

    Naturalistic observation, interviews, ethnographic research, experiments, and surveys.

    Cross-Sectional vs. Longitudinal Research

    Cross-sectional research studies all variables at once. Longitudinal research studies one set of variables over time.

    Culture

    The use of symbolic/ material tools that accumulate over time and are passed on.

    Sociocultural Theory

    Vygotsky's theory that nature/ nurture indirectly shape development through culture.

    Material Tools

    Physical objects; pencil, pen, etc...

    Symbolic Tools

    Abstract ideas; the American dream.

    Mediation

    The way a culture and its tools relate to what you do in life (i.e. basket weaving out of necessity).

    Social Enhancement

    Tools available in one's own environment that helps them learn.

    Imitation

    Learning from watching others.

    Explicit Instruction

    Learning through being taught.

    Heredity

    Transferring characteristics biologically.

    Genotype

    The genes one carries.

    Phenotype

    The physical display of carried genes.

    Niche Construction

    How one shapes and modifies their own environment.

    Ecological Inheritance

    Environmental changes that affect child development as a result of niche construction.

    Evolutionary Theories

    Attempts to explain human behaviour in terms of how it contributes to our survival.

    Interactions Between Culture and Biology

    Lactose intolerance developed because milk is a necessity; sickle cell anemia in response to malaria.

    Three Periods of Prenatal Development

    Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal.

    Teratogens

    Environmental agents that increase infant health risks; second-hand smoke.

    Three Stages of Labour

    Contractions, Passage Through Birth Canal, Delivery of Placenta.

    Role of Culture in Prenatal Birth and Development

    Certain cultural practices can benefit a child's growth; Lack of proper nourishment can harm a child's health; Some cultures allow for maternity leaves.

    Piaget's Constructivist Theory

    Cognitive development results from children's active construction of reality through world experience.

    Schema

    A mental structure that provides a model for understanding the world.

    Equilibration

    The balance between current schemas and new experiences.

    Assimilation

    The incorporation of new experiences into existing schemas.

    Accommodation

    Modifying a schema to incorporate new experiences.

    Piaget's Stages of Development

    Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.

    Neurons

    Used to transmit information.

    Three Major Sections of Central Nervous System

    Spinal cord, Brain stem, cerebral cortex.

    Major Milestones in the First Three Months of Brain Development, Sensory Capabilities, and Physical Capabilities

    Mylenation, synaptogenesis, development of sensory capabilities, reflexes, coordination of behaviour.

    Temperament

    Individual modes of responding to the world.

    Changes in Brain During Infancy

    Mylenation, exuberant synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, role of experience.

    Progression of Fine and Gross Motor Skills During Infancy

    Fine motor skills allow for more delicate tasks, such as grasping objects, while gross motor skills allow for less delicate tasks, such as walking.

    Major Events in Piaget's Substages

    Reflex schemas, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, symbolic representation.

    Object Permanence

    Even though we can not longer see the object, it still exists.

    Alternative Explanations for Infant Performance on A-not-B Test

    Memory capacity, motor preservation, capture error.

    Dynamic Systems Theory

    More complex behaviour generates from multiple simplistic behaviours working in unison.

    Dynamic Systems Approach

    Behaviour results from immediate circumstances and experience with those circumstances.

    Infants' Ability to Reason About Objects

    Counting, Causality, Categorization.

    Development of Attention and Memory in Infancy

    Increased ability to sustain attention and process information about targets.

    Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

    Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Self-Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair.

    Stages That Occur in the First Two Years of Life

    Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Self-Doubt.

    Four Features of Emotions

    Physiology, communication, cognition, action.

    Emotion Regulation

    A way of moderating and controlling emotions.

    Three Views on Early Emotional Development

    Gradual differentiation, differential emotions, otogenetic adaptations.

    Primary Intersubjectivity

    Organized, reciprocal interaction between infant and caregiver, with interaction being the most important factor.

    Attachment

    Emotional bond between and child and the child's caregiver.

    Four Signs of Attachment

    A desire to be near the caregiver, distress when separated from the caregiver, happy upon reunion with the caregiver, actions oriented towards caregiver.

    Phases of Attachment

    Pre-Attachment, Attachment in the Making, Clear-Cut Attachment, Reciprocal Relationship Group.

    Secure Base

    People who make the child feel secure and comfortable exploring the world.

    Separation Anxiety

    Fear when the child's secure base is absent.

    Internal Working Model

    A schema of relationships resulting from experiences with caregivers; related to social skills, self confidence, etc...

    Four Patterns of Attachment

    Secure attachment, Insecure-avoidant, Insecure-ambivalent, Disorganized.

    Strange Situation

    Mom and child in the room. Stranger walks in. Mom leaves. Baby reacts. Mom returns.

    Secondary Intersubjectivity

    Interaction with the child's caregiver about emotional sharing and the world beyond.

    Social Referencing

    Looking to the child's caregiver for information on how to respond to something.

    Emergence of the Sense of Self Emotions

    Development of embarrassment, pride, shame, guild, and envy.

    Symbolic and Material Tools Used in Miner Article

    Standard beauty ideals contribute to the desire to purchase make-up supplies.

    Cultural Influences on Early Child Care

    Co-sleeping vs. Isolated sleeping.

    Sociocultural Approach

    Studying psychology through various cultures.

    Individual Differences in the Decision to Co-Sleep

    Lack of sleep as a result of baby; worry over harming baby. Desire to be near baby; desire for intimacy with child.

    Cultural Differences in the Decision to Co-Sleep

    Need for children to be independent; potential hindering of child's development.

    Main Features of a Peer-Reviewed Journal Article

    Article is peer reviewed; article contains TAIMRDRTA.