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What country was Andrew Carnegie originally from?
visited England to observe the Bessemer method of steel-making and returned to the United States to build steel factories; one of the wealthiest men in the world at his time
superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad who hired Carnegie at a young age but later had his position taken over by him
Before steel, railroads and engine parts were made of _________ _______.
Englishman who developed an inexpensive method of turning iron ore into steel
Who was the world's greatest builder of free public libraries?
a stronger, lighter, and more flexible material compared to iron used on railroads
the world's largest manufacturer of steel in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; founded by Andrew Carnegie and revolutionized the steel industry
the leading producer of steel and the leading industrial power in the world during 1919
giving away large sums of money to needy individuals and private charities
During Andrew Carnegie's life, he gave away more than __________ million dollars.
replaced coal as a more efficient fuel for the newly-invented automobiles and airplanes
oil refined into a lighter substance that could be used for lighting in homes and businesses; fuel source that was much cheaper and more abundant than whale oil
the chief fuel in lamps before kerosene was introduced
first person to drill for oil in the Venango Valley of Pennsylvania; found oil when he drilled on August 27, 1859
the framework over an oil well that holds the drilling equipment
What did people mockingly call Edwin L. Drake's well because no one had ever drilled for oil before?
local blacksmith who partnered with Colonel Edwin L. Drake to successfully drill for oil in the venango Valley
Where did Drake and Smith drill for oil?
America's first billionaire who formed the Standard Oil Company in Ohio
When did John D. Rockefeller form the Standard Oil Company?
John D. Rockefeller's Ohio oil company that made him into one of the wealthiest men in America
When was the World's Fair in Chicago held?
also called the World's Columbian Exposition; brought about 27 million people with inventions and exhibits all into one place, Chicago, while President Grover Cleveland was present; famous inventions such as the phonograph, telephone, Ferris wheel, engines, and motion picture machines were exhibited
Civil War veteran and commended Christian who migrated to California to build Union Oil Company of California with his brother in 1886
established in 1886 by Lyman Stewart and his brother; became the largest independent company on the West Coast
the name given to the valley that cradles Los Angeles; had a developing oil industry
trade without government regulations or tariffs
What does laissez-faire mean in regards to free trade?
Scottish professor philosophy who was largely responsible for the laissez-faire policy; wrote Wealth of Nations
book written by Adam Smith in 1776 which was actually published under the name An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations; talked about individual freedom and free trade
called for international free trade and was one of the earliest advocates for capitalism
policy which would allow individual investors to put their capital resources to the wisest use in turn making their product the cheapest and best possible
resources used for production or investments in regards to free trade
also known as the free market; advocated for by Adam Smith
America's most important means of transportation by the 1860s; carried nearly two-thirds of the nations internal trade
one of the two railroad companies building the transcontinental railroad who started laying their tracks in Sacramento
one of the two railroad companies building the transcontinental railroad who started laying their tracks in Omaha, Nebraska
What groups of people mostly made up the laborers for the Union Pacific Railroad?
What group of people mostly made up the laborers for the Central Pacific Railroad?
Why did people not want to hire Chinese immigrants?
Crews of the two transcontinental railroad companies sometimes laid as much as ______ miles of track per day.
date in which the transcontinental railroad was completed
Where did the two transcontinental railroad companies meet to complete the railroad?
By 1893, ______ transcontinental railroads linked the East and the West.
German-born engineer who pioneered the design of suspension bridges, including the Brooklyn Bridge
constructed the first steel bridge across the Mississippi River at St. Louis
supervised the Brooklyn Bridge project after his father died until 1872, when he became disabled; his wife Emily then took over for him
suspension bridge built by John Roebling and supervised by his son, Washington, and his daughter-in-law, Emily
took control of the daily operations of the Brooklyn Bridge project after her husband Washington became disabled
fifty-year-old mechanic who successfully volunteered to test the strength of the steel cables which held up the Brooklyn Bridge
the first center of skyscraper architecture
What 2 inventions allowed skyscrapers to be possible?
Frenchman of African descent who was the first permanent resident of Chicago
What 3 things made Chicago a prominent city?
date in which a great fire destroyed Chicago
What started the Great Chicago Fire?
massive fire that completely destroyed Chicago; caused by a cow
considered the first skyscraper ever; located in Chicago
helped redesign Chicago's skyline and designed the Wainwright Building
designed by Louis Sullivan and was the first building to successfully use an all-steel frame
What is the tallest skyscraper in the US?
invented the safety elevator which contributed to the rise of skyscrapers
Elisha Otis's son who built Otis Brothers and Company into the largest elevator manufacturer in the world with his brother's help
demonstrated the effectiveness of antiseptic solutions to treat wounds
year in which Joseph Lister demonstrated the effectiveness of antiseptic solutions
germkilling
painkillers usually used during surgeries
In 1867, American doctors discovered that a combination of __________ _________ and __________ made an effective painkiller.
New York hospital that opened the first school of nursing in 1873
school that brought about the idea of extensive medical research in 1893
Black American physician who pioneered heart surgery and established Provident Hospital
Chicago hospital that became the first hospital to be open to all races; established by Daniel Hale Williams
time period in which many new inventions and technology transformed American life and industry
invented the telephone in 1876
Boston lawyer who helped Alexander Graham Bell become an influential member of Boston society and financed his experiments
deaf daughter of Gardiner Hubbard who married Alexander Graham Bell in 1877
Alexander Graham Bell's assistant who manufactured the electrical parts needed to produce the first telephone
What were the first words heard over the telephone?
Which 2 rulers both had telephones installed in their "palaces" shortly after they were invented?
developed the first successful incandescent light bulb; one of the greatest inventors America has ever produced
Which one of these was not invented by Edison? A the storage battery B motion-picture machines C electric generators D the electric sewing machine E the phonograph
chief draftsman of patents who invented the carbon filament and worked with Bell, Maxim, and Edison; only Black American to be a part of "Edison's Pioneers"
team of men who worked closely with Edison himself
Where was Edison's laboratory located?
What was Edison's factory's nickname?
Serbian immigrant who invented alternating current and the Tesla coil; defeated Edison in the War of Currents but had some of his ideas stolen by him
battle between Edison and Tesla to see which form of current—direct or alternating—would be used in daily life
Where was the Tesla coil used?
professor at Tuskegee Institute who studied horticulture and persuaded farmers to utilize crop rotation and found hundreds of uses for things like peanuts and sweet potato; invented synthetic marble
What was the name of Tesla's electric company?
What was the name of Edison's electric company?
the study and growing of plants
common crop grown by southern farmers that wore out the soil by taking its nutrients and depleted it of nitrogen
the continual planting of different crops on the same land
invented the first practical commercial typewriter; arranged his typewriter's letters using the QWERTY system
first author to type an entire book on a typewriter
Over how many uses did Carver find for the peanut?
How many different products did Carver make from a sweet potato?
What 3 crops did Carver urge farmers to plant because they would restore their soil's productivity?