Master this deck with 20 terms through effective study methods.
Generated from uploaded handwritten-notes
IL-1 is produced by macrophages and epithelial cells and plays a crucial role in activating T cells, inducing fever, and increasing vascular permeability. It also promotes the mobilization of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to sites of infection.
TNFα activates vascular endothelium, leading to increased vascular permeability and the mobilization of metabolites. It is involved in the induction of fever and shock, and it enhances the activation of macrophages and T cells.
IL-12 is produced by macrophages and B cells and is essential for the activation of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. It promotes the differentiation of T cells into Th1 cells, enhancing the immune response against intracellular pathogens.
Chemokines are small cytokines produced by various cell types in response to infection or tissue damage. They regulate leukocyte migration by directing effector cells expressing chemokine receptors to sites of inflammation.
IL-4 is produced by Th2 cells and mast cells and is crucial for B cell activation and proliferation. It induces IgE responses and inhibits Th1 responses, promoting a humoral immune response.
IL-5 is produced by Th2 cells and is important for the growth and differentiation of eosinophils. It also plays a role in B cell activation and the induction of IgA responses.
C-reactive protein (CRP) binds to bacterial phosphoryl choline and activates the complement system, acting as an opsonin to enhance phagocytosis. It is a marker of inflammation and is produced in response to IL-6.
Interferons, particularly Type I (IFN α/β) and Type II (IFN γ), are critical for antiviral defense. They increase MHC class I and II expression, activate macrophages, and inhibit cell proliferation, enhancing the immune response to viral infections.
IL-10 is produced by various immune cells and functions primarily as an anti-inflammatory cytokine. It inhibits the activation of macrophages and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, helping to regulate the immune response.
IL-8 is a chemokine that attracts neutrophils to sites of infection. It is produced by various cells, including macrophages and epithelial cells, and plays a key role in the inflammatory response.
IL-6 is produced by macrophages and T cells and is involved in the acute phase response. It stimulates the production of acute phase proteins and promotes the differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells.
Macrophages are key players in the immune response, acting as phagocytes that engulf pathogens and dead cells. They also produce cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα, which help to coordinate the immune response.
NK cells are a type of lymphocyte that play a crucial role in the innate immune response. They can recognize and kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior sensitization, and they are activated by cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN γ.
Mannose-binding protein (MBP) binds to mannose residues on pathogens and activates the complement system. It acts as an opsonin, enhancing phagocytosis by immune cells.
Fibrinogen is an acute phase protein that plays a role in blood coagulation. It is involved in the formation of fibrin clots, which help to contain infections and promote healing.
IL-2 is produced by activated T cells and is essential for T cell proliferation and survival. It stimulates the growth and differentiation of T cells, enhancing the adaptive immune response.
Th1 cells are a subset of T helper cells that produce cytokines like IFN γ, which activate macrophages and promote cell-mediated immunity. They are crucial for the defense against intracellular pathogens.
Th2 cells produce cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which promote humoral immunity and the activation of B cells. They are important for the response to extracellular pathogens and allergens.
Acute phase proteins are produced in response to inflammation and play various roles, including opsonization, complement activation, and modulation of the immune response. They help to enhance the body's defense mechanisms during infection.
Eosinophils are white blood cells that play a key role in combating parasitic infections and are involved in allergic reactions. They are activated by cytokines such as IL-5 and can release cytotoxic granules to destroy pathogens.