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    Master this deck with 85 terms through effective study methods.

    Imported from Quizlet

    Created by @kaydinm

    piaget's theory of cognitive development

    sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

    schemas

    mental structurues that organize information and experiences

    assimilation

    incorporating new information into existing schemas

    accomodation

    modyifying schemas to include new information

    What is the first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

    The sensimotor stage

    How long does the sensimotor stage last?

    The first 2 years of life

    What do infants rely on during the sensimotor stage?

    Their senses and motor behaviors

    What is the primary focus of infants in the sensimotor stage?

    Adapting to the world around them

    What is the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory?

    The stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

    What age range does the preoperational stage cover in Piaget's theory?

    From about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.

    mental symbols

    proficient use of language and symbols

    pretend play

    engaging in imagitive play

    conservation

    struggle to understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

    reversibilitly

    difficulty in understanding that objects can be changed and then returned to their original state

    animism

    attributing like-like to inanimate objects

    egocentrism

    difficuly in seeing things from others' perspectives

    theory of mind

    beginning to understand that other have thoughts and feelings different from their own mind

    What is the concrete operational stage in Piaget's theory?

    A stage of cognitive development from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age.

    What cognitive ability do children gain during the concrete operational stage?

    The ability to think logically about concrete events.

    logical thinking

    ability to think logically about concrete events

    overcoming cognitive errors

    correcting previous errors in understanding overservation and reversibility

    What is the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory?

    The stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

    At what age does the formal operational stage typically begin?

    About age 12.

    abstract thinking

    ability to think about abstratt concepts

    hypothetical reasoning

    ability to think hypothetically and use deductive reasoning

    not universal :

    piaget suggested not everyone reaches the formal operational stage

    vygotskys sociocultural theory

    emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

    social learning

    children learn thorugh social interations and cultural context

    scaffolding

    support provided by more knowledgeable others

    zone of proximal development

    the gap between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help

    crysrallized intelligence

    knowledge accumlated over tine; remains relativelt stable through adulthood

    fluid intelligence

    ability to reason and solve new problems; tends to wane as people age

    cognitive disorders

    conditions that affect cognitive functioning . ex ; dementia

    language

    is a shared system of arbitrary symbols that are mutually agreed upon and rule-governed to produce an infinite array of ideas

    phonemes

    smallest unit of sound in a language

    morphemes

    smallest units of meaning

    semsantics

    meaning of words and sentences

    grammar

    set of rules that dictate how words are combined to form sentences

    syntax

    arragement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences

    generativity

    ability to produce an infinite number of sentences and ideas using a finitie set of elements

    nonverbal gestures

    manual gestures used to communicate before and alongside verbal language

    cooing

    early vocalizations

    babbling

    repetive constant-vowel comibinations

    one-word stage

    single words to convey complete ideas

    telegraphic speech

    two-word combinations that resemble telegrams

    overgeneralization

    applying language to rules too broadly

    mispronunciations

    difficulty with certain sounds or combinations

    simplifications

    using simpler forms of words or phrases

    communication

    language is essential for effective communication

    cognitive development

    language development supports cognitive growth

    microsystem

    groups that have direct contact with individual

    mesosystem

    relationships between groups in the microsystem

    exosystem

    indirect factors in an individual's life

    macrosystem

    cultural events that affect individuals and others around them

    chronosystem

    the individuals current stafe of life

    authoritarian

    strict rules,, high expectations, little warmth

    authoritative

    balanced rules, high expectations, high warmth

    permissive

    few rules, low expectations, high warmth

    secure attachment

    trust and confidence in the caregivers avalibility

    avoidant

    indifference toward the caregiver

    anxious

    anxiety and uncertainty about the caregiver's availability

    disorganized

    lack of clear attachment behavior

    parallel play

    playing alongside peers w/o interaction

    pretend play

    imaginative play with roles and scenarios

    imaginery audience

    belief that others are constantly watching and judging

    personal fable

    belief in personal uniqueness and invulnerability

    achievement identity

    commitment to indentify after exploration

    diffusion identity

    lack of direction or commitment

    foreclosure identity

    commitment to identify without exploration

    moratorium identity

    active exploration / searching w/o commitment

    racial/ethnic identity

    understanding and valuing one's cultural background

    gender indentity

    recognizing and expressing ones gender

    sexual oritentation

    understanding ones sexual preferences

    religious identity

    forming beliefs and practices

    occupational indentity

    choosing a career path

    familial identity

    defining ones role within the family

    possible selves

    imaginging differnt versions of oneself in the future

    trust vs mistrust

    If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

    autonomy vs shame and doubt

    Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

    initiative vs guilt

    Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

    industry vs inferiority

    Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive

    indentity vs role confusion

    According to Erikson, the stage that occurs during adolescence; teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

    intimacy vs isolation

    Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

    generativity vs stagnation

    Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

    integrity vs despair

    Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives