ACE 149 EXAM 1

    Master this deck with 74 terms through effective study methods.

    Imported from Quizlet

    Created by @aidenvd

    Anatomy

    Study of body structures and where they are located

    Physiology

    Study of how body structures function

    Homeostasis

    Maintenance of a stable internal environment

    Dynamic equilibrium

    Constant adjustment to maintain balance

    Receptor

    Detects a stimulus or change

    Control center

    Processes information and decides the response

    Effector

    Carries out the response

    Set point

    Desired normal value of a variable

    Negative feedback

    Response reverses the original stimulus and restores homeostasis

    Positive feedback

    Response amplifies the original stimulus to reach an endpoint

    Anatomical position

    Standard reference position of the body

    Superior

    Toward the head or above

    Inferior

    Away from the head or below

    Anterior (ventral)

    Toward the front of the body

    Posterior (dorsal)

    Toward the back of the body

    Medial

    Toward the midline of the body

    Lateral

    Away from the midline of the body

    Proximal

    Closer to the trunk or origin

    Distal

    Farther from the trunk or origin

    Superficial

    Near the surface of the body

    Deep

    Away from the surface of the body

    Dorsal cavity

    Cranial and spinal cavities

    Ventral cavity

    Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

    Abdominal cavity

    Most vulnerable to traumatic injury

    Energy

    Ability to do work

    Kinetic energy

    Energy actively doing work

    Potential energy

    Stored energy

    ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

    Main energy currency of the cell

    ATP significance

    Powers all metabolic processes

    ATP efficiency

    Only 1 of every 4 ATP does work; rest lost as heat

    Matter

    Anything that occupies space and has mass

    Solid

    Definite shape and volume

    Liquid

    Definite volume, shape of container

    Gas

    No definite shape or volume

    Element

    Basic unit of matter

    Atom

    Smallest unit of an element

    Proton

    Positively charged particle

    Electron

    Negatively charged particle

    Neutron

    Neutral particle

    Molecule

    Two or more atoms of the same element

    Compound

    Two or more different elements chemically bonded

    Synthesis reaction

    A + B → AB; builds molecules and requires energy

    Decomposition reaction

    AB → A + B; breaks molecules and releases energy

    Anabolic reactions

    Building reactions that require energy

    Catabolic reactions

    Breaking reactions that release energy

    Inorganic compounds

    Do not contain carbon

    Organic compounds

    Contain carbon and are large molecules

    Water high heat capacity

    Resists temperature change

    Water chemical reactivity

    Participates in chemical reactions

    Hydrolysis

    Reaction that requires water

    Water cushioning

    Protects organs from trauma

    Salt

    Dissociates into ions in water

    Electrolyte

    Ion that conducts electrical current

    Acid

    Releases hydrogen ions (H+)

    Base

    Accepts hydrogen ions or releases hydroxyl ions (OH−)

    Neutralization reaction

    Acid and base form water and salt

    pH

    Measure of hydrogen ion concentration

    pH scale range

    0 to 14

    Neutral pH

    7

    Acidic solution

    pH below 7

    Basic solution

    pH above 7

    Buffer

    Chemical that resists pH change

    Carbohydrates

    Primary energy source; contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

    Monosaccharide

    Single sugar molecule

    Disaccharide

    Two monosaccharides linked

    Polysaccharide

    Many monosaccharides linked

    Glucose

    Blood sugar and primary fuel for cells

    Fructose

    Fruit sugar; must be converted to glucose

    Galactose

    Sugar in milk; converted to glucose

    Sucrose

    Glucose + fructose

    Lactose

    Glucose + galactose

    Starch

    Plant storage carbohydrate

    Fiber

    Nondigestible plant carbohydrate

    Glycogen

    Storage