Master this deck with 99 terms through effective study methods.
Imported from Quizlet
Instinctive behavior with which species are born (suckling, hibernation, imprinting, parental behavior toward young)
a behavior that has been learned from experience or observation
coordinated sequences of muscle actions
refers to a type of directed movement or orientation of an organism or a cell in response to an external stimulus. Can be positive or negative.
A fixed behavior that, once activated, continues to completion regardless of sensory feedback.
a simple signal that triggers a specific behavioral response
Persistent changes in behavior that result from experience.
monkey obtaining banana Chimpanzee cracking a nut Hooded monkeys getting yogurt to form a cylinder woodpeck finch getting grubs from bark
vibrant coloration in poisonous animals to warn predators
A type of learning in which an animal learns to ignored a repeated, irrelevant stimulus, that is, one that neither rewards nor punishes.
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
The biochemical, phsyiological, and behavioral respones that animals make to the periodic changes in the environment are referred to as biological rythms.
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
most active during the day
active at night
Animals that are most active at dawn and dusk
A periodic long-distance travel from one location to another.
To take advantage of different resources in different regions To cope with climate-related scarcities
The sense of direction an animal requires to travel in a straight line toward a destination.
The science of planning and following a route. Requires compass sense (direction) and map sense (location).
awareness of location
Ideal conditions to avoid predators and hunt prey.
time, energy, and greater risk of predation during movement due to unfamiliarity of environment.
Celestial, Lunar, Solar, Magnetic North, Olfactory
An actively cooperating group of individuals belonging to the same species and often closely related. (e.g., a pack of wolves, a herd of zebras, a school of fish).
More tremendous success in hunting (pack of wolves) confuses predators (zebra herd)
Increased competition for food and habitats, increased risk of attracting predators, and increasing risk of transmitting disease.
electrical, tactile, visual, auditory, and chemical signals.
fast, communication a great deal of information, and indicate the location and position of the animal sending the signal.
can be coveyed in the dark, could be transmitte over longer istances than visual sounds.
Selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice. E.g. Selection in the basis of physical trait.
A mating system in which males fertilize the eggs of many females during a breeding season; favored by sexual selection.
One female, several males.
A direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually the males in vertebrates) for mates of the opposite sex.
Interactions among organisms
Interactions between organisms and their nonliving, physical environment. e.g.: Precipitation, Temperature, pH, wind, and chemical nutrients.
Number of individuals per unit area
Rarest type of dispersion; occurs when individuals in a population are spaced throughout an area in a manner that is unrelated to the presence of others.
The most common pattern of dispersion; individuals aggregated in patches.
The pattern in which individuals are equally spaced throughout a habitat.
Movement of individuals into a population and this increase its size.
Individuals leave a population and thus decrease its size.
(birth rate - death rate) + (immigration rate - emigration rate)
rate at which the population of a species would grow if it had unlimited resources.
Graph is J Shaped, and illustrates the population growth rate increases as the population becomes larger.
S Shaped, a logistic model that takes into account carrying capacity.
the limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain.
limiting factor that depends on population size. Examples: Predation, disease, and competition of mating & resources. Also an example of a negative feedback system.
a process that results in a response that reverses the original stimulus
the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources
Competition that occurs within a given population (same species)
competition between members of different species
factors not affected by population density Ex: abiotic factors like weather, forest fires, a killing frost, severe blizzard hurricane.
A density-independent factor, the season in this instance, hindering the growth rate of the mosquito's population (Def a good thing).
R-selected populations (in contrast to K-selected)
characterized by a high reproductive rate with no attention given to offspring survival, lower life span
characterized by the production of a few offspring with much attention given to offspring survival; gradual growth until carrying capacity.
Usually experience high survival in early and middle life, followed by a rapid decline in later life. (e.g., humans, bisons)
Death equally likely at any age (e.g., birds, rodents, and reptiles)
young survivorship low, old high
Although some can, many can't since species could have one type of survivorship curve early in life and another type as adults.
The human population can't increase indefinitely and will eventually reach its carrying capacity.
A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other
the sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment
The potential ecological niche of a species when in absence of competition and other biotic factors.
It is hypothesized that one species excludes another from its niche as a result of interspecific competition.
It is when both species are similar enough that competition would eventually prevent one of them from surviving.
Divergence in traits in two similar species living in the same geographic area.
differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community
Predators evolves strategies to catch prey while prey evolves strategies to escape predator.
camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background
a harmless species mimics a harmful one
Evolution of two species, both of which are unpalatable and, have poisonous stingers or some other defense mechanism, to resemble each other
An intimate relatinship or association between members of two or more species; subcategory: mutualism, parasitism, commensalism.
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem
energy flows in the ecosystem when plants absorb light energy and converts it to chemical energy of sugars. Chemical energy is passed through several consumers and eventually decomposers.
Interconnecte food chains with various trophic levels.
show the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain or food web
number of organisms at each trophic level.
A pyramid that illustrates the total mass of all the organisms in a trophic level.
A pyramid that shows the total amount of energy available at each trophic level.
Persistence, Bioaccumulation, Biological Magnification
Extremely stable and may take many years to break down into less toxic forms.
The tendency among certain contaminants to accumulate over time in the tissues of living organisms.
Concentration increases in prey as toxin passes through levels of food web.
Multicellular Eukaryotes: enclosed nucleus, Heterotrophs: Consumers not producers Cellular Specialization: specific funcitions [e.g., phagocytosis, conductance, transport] Diverse Body Plans: adaptations for feeding, reproduction, waste removal, etc Movement (locomotion): involves contractile proteins (muscles) Reproduction: sexually, sperm & egg, two haploids unit two form a diploid zygote. Metamorphosis: a developmental process that converts the immature animal into a juvenile form that can then grow into an adult
Complete metamorphosis: an absolute change in what the organism looks like through different stages. Egg --> Larva --> Pupa --> adult Incomplete metamorphosis: Same for, but look a little different, subtle differences between young and adult.
Water provides support for organism (ex. don't need legs for support, water does it for them) Good for invertebrates and large vertebrates Fluid balance More easily maintain internal osmotic concentration (same water and ion balance) than on land Isoosmotic body fluids (~same osmotic concentration as H2O) Isoosmotic = equal osmotic concentration (aka I have equal osmotic pressure)
Continuous Motion/movement Hard to maintain position Find a way to work against waves/current
More difficult water environement More difficult to survive in (Disadvantages>Advantages) Body fluids hypertonic to water (requires osmoregulation) Food is ess than oceans and seas Animals must adapt to O2 content, temperature, turbidity, and water volume.
Advantages: No ion movement problems faced in water and associated volume regulation Disadvantages: Drying out, reproduction requires moisture (solution: internal fertilization, shelled egg), gravity (no buoyancy), variety in temperatures (must maintain body temp over wide range in temps.
All animals that are cephalic (head) have a bilateral symmetry but not all bilateral animals are cephalic
when many lines of symmetry all go through a central point
the outer germ layer that gives rises to the tissues that form the outer covering of the body as well as to nervous tissue.