Master this deck with 100 terms through effective study methods.
Imported from Quizlet
Desired(Amount Ordered)/Have(Amount on hand) x volume (amount medication) = Give (amount given)
Amt sol/time in HOURS = mL per hour
amt sol x drop factor/ time in MINUTES = drops per minute
-identifies active ingredient -name is assigned by the manufacture -1 generic name for each drug -first letter is not capitalized
-selected by the drug company that sells it and is protected by trademarks -may be many brand names and they are always capitalized
the suspension meds must be shaken so the medication is mixed back together
A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%). IV drugs are 100% while oral drugs are less than 100%
biochemical process by which a drug produces an effect in the body
The desired or intended effect a medication is expected to have on the body.
any effect that is caused by a drug and that is different from the drug's intended effect
Unintended, undesirable, often unpredictable. May be severe
a factor in the patient's condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised
occurs when the body becomes accustomed to the effect of the drug
specific group of systems that carry risk for permanent damage or death
Unusual response to a drug
ADME 1. Absorption 2. Distribution 3. Metabolism 4. Excretion movement of the drug molecules in the body
the process by which a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to the bloodstream for circulation
onset is determined by the rate of absorption and intensity is determined by the extent of absorption Ways the drugs can enter the body: enteral, parenteral, percutaneous
can affect the rate and extent of absorption
Through GI tract; oral, NG, PEG, J-tube, rectal
outside the GI tract; injection, IV
through skin/mucous membranes of mouth, eyes, ears, lungs, vagina, rectum
a larger than normal dose, is usually given when a patient is in acute distress and the maximum therapeutic effect is desired as quickly as possible
involves the transport of drug molecules within the body and is the drugs ability to move through the bloodstream
if there is poor circulation the drug doesn't get transported as it should, blood brain barrier- made up of tightly packed capillary walls that supplies blood to the brain
method by which drugs are broken down by the body, metabolism occurs at different rates for different drugs.
the liver is the primary site for metabolism.
a phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation; oral drugs frequently are given in higher doses than drugs given by other routes because of this early breakdown
metabolite
elimination of the drug from the body, kidneys, and bowels excrete most drugs.
toxicity can be a concern if the drug is backing up and not being excreted properly
alcohol is metabolized in the liver at a constant rate, blood alcohol level decreases by 25 mg/dL per hour.
alcohol affects absorption and metabolism of a drug by causing a delay or acceleration depending on the medication
the time required for the serum level to decrease by 50% and is an important consideration in the prescriber's determination of dosage and frequency
anticholinergic blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central nervous system, these agents inhibit parasympathetic nerve impulses by blocking acetylcholine at its receptor site
dry mouth, dry eyes, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia
the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug; when the lethal dose is relatively close to the therapeutic dose
mg/kg/day is divided, weight is used to find the safe therapeutic dose
tetracycline/doxycycline- dairy products MAOIs - tyramine containing foods Calcium channel blockers - grapefruit juice Warfarin - Vitamin K containing foods
hypersensitivity/allergic reactions Anaphylaxis
immune system response that occurs when the body interrupts the drug as a foreign substance and forms antibodies against it, usually appears as a rash or hives. If it requires treatment and antihistamine is used.
life threatening allergic reaction, results in respiratory distress, sudden severe bronchospasm and cardiovascular collapse, treated with emergency medications
attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, recombinant, booster, titer
live but weakened; ex: MMR
killed microbes, may require boosters; ex: Hep A
chemically modified so it's no longer toxic; ex: diphtheria, tetanus
partial organisms of bacterial proteins recombined (Hep B)
follow-up dose the provides sustained protection
a measurement of the amount of antibodies in the blood; this is the test to determine immunity
form of active immunity (caused by a pathogen or vaccine) the body produces antibodies in response to pathogen or vaccine and its longer acting
passive immunity, preformed antibodies which are transferred from one person to another; shorter acting (Ex: mother via placenta) Can be obtained to give higher antibodies quicker and in instances of immunosuppression or high risk
Mucous membrane irritation/inflammation (oral stomatitis), Hair loss (alopecia), Nausea and vomiting/GI distress, bone marrow suppression (myelosuppression; pancytopenia occurs because normal cells are affected too), IV site pain-necrosis if extravasation, ova and sperm production abnormalities, teratogenicity
reaction to a chemical that causes blistering of the skin and mucous membranes, avoid extravasation, early symptoms include swelling, redness, and/or discomfort that is often described as burning or stinging sensation.
different drugs work during different phases of the cell cycle
-Good for treatment of slow growing cancers (lymphoma, leukemia) and reproductive cancers (breast, ovarian, testicular) -Renal and liver toxic
busulfan (Myleran), cisplatin (Platinol), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
pulmonary toxicity; monitor respiratory status carefully
hemorrhagic cystitis; push fluids, rescue med: mesna (Mesnex) with cyclophosphamide to reduce the incidence by interacting with urotoxic metabolites
best for leukemias, some GI, and basal cell cancers, tough on kidneys and liver, category X-may cause spontaneous abortion, usually used in combination with other drugs due to resistance, works by inhibiting folic acid
cladribine (Leustatin), fluorouracil (Efudex), methotrexate (Rheumatrex); leucovorin (Wellcovorin)-used along methotrexate to protect normal cells from the adverse effects
useful in cancers with rapidly multiplying cells, toxic to many body systems
bleomycin, doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Doxil) mitomycin (Mutamycin)
doxorubicin (Adriamycin) causes cardiomyopathy- monitor the cardiovascular system carefully; rescue med- give dexrazoxane (Zinecard) 30 minutes before to interfere with cardiotoxic effects
Treats a variety of tumors and leukemias
vincristine (Oncovin, Vincasar)
Most famous side effect is peripheral neuropathy; monitor neurovascular system carefully
-the breakdown of large numbers of tumor cells by chemotherapy may lead to increased serum uric acid (hyperuricemia) -increase fluids -give allopurinol (Zyloprim); used for the prevention of gout attacks and to treat elevated uric acid levels in the blood and urine
Energize the immune system when it needs help fighting a specific pathogen; often in the form of interferons
Antiviral proteins secreted by T cells; alpha (Alfa), beta, and gamma, can cause flu-like symptoms
proteins that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes; aldesleukin (Proleukin) and oprelvekin (Neumega), can cause flu like symptoms
multiplication and differentiation of leukocytes; filgrastim (Neupogen), pegfilgrastin (Neulasta): side effects include GI distress, weakness, and bone pain
Also called immunosuppressants, work to block inflammatory reaction and decrease initial damage to cells, used to suppress rejection in organ transplant patients and treat auto immune diseases
Immune modulators T and B cell suppressors Interleukin receptor antagonists Monoclonal antibodies
At risk for infection and are hepato-nephro toxic
Immunosuppressant; works to prevent organ transplant rejection and treat RA and PsA
Immunosuppressant; works to prevent organ transplant rejection
Immunosuppressant; works to prevent organ transplant rejection
Bind to specific antigens on cells triggering an antigen-antibody type response
Flags cancer cells for destruction by immune system, prevent cancer cell blood vessel growth, destroy cells triggering wall, attack cancer cells directly; targets specific cells and by pass normal cells Treat a variety of conditions including cancer, renal transplant rejection, MS, crohns, asthma, RA, PsA
Acute pulmonary edema, fluid retention, and flu like symptoms
adalimumab (Humira) infliximab (Remicade) nivolumab (Opdivo) pembrolizumab (Keytruda) rituximab (Rituxan) ustekinumab (Stelara) vedolizumab (Entyvio)
Used for reproductive cancers; block estrogen getting to receptor site to slow growth/kill; estrogen is the food source for some reproductive tumors, including some forms of prostate and breast cancers
leuprolide (Lupron)
tamoxifen (Soltamox)
They block estrogen so they may trigger menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes, vaginal/uterine bleeding in women, moodiness, hypercalcemia
Used medically as an anit-inflammatory agent
Increased susceptibility to infection (priority to report), fluid retention, hyperglycemia, GI distress/bleeding, hirsutism (abnormal hair growth), mood swings, weight gain, easy bruising, and osteoporosis, longer the use higher the risk.
-give before 9 am to mimic natural corticosteroid surge -using them every other day can decrease side effects -give with food -don't stop at once taper off -monitor blood sugar -should be stopped months before surgery -may delay wound healing
11-48
8.5-66
5-20
0.6-1.2
5000-10000
150,000-300,000
3-5 million
34-50%
epoetin (Epogen)
filgrastim (Neupogen) or pegfilgrastim (Neulasta)
Alkylating agents
Antimetabolites