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When a cell displays a pathogen's antigen, the immune system recognizes it as a target and mounts an attack against that cell.
power of a pathogen to cause disease
disease causing microorganism (bacteria AND virus)
molecule that identifies a certain pathogen and triggers a response against it
NKC attack non-specific malfunctioning cells while cytotoxic T cells kill cells infected by specific pathogen
Interferons are signaling proteins released by infected cells that help to inhibit viral replication and activate immune cells to enhance the immune response.
The epidermis acts as a protective barrier that replaces itself every 2-3 months, taking with it attached pathogens and providing a tough protective layer through keratinized cells.
The primary function of the adaptive immune system is to provide a targeted and specific response to pathogens, involving the activation of B and T lymphocytes.
vasodilation and capillary permeability
Recruit other leukocytes to infected area
First immune cell to arrive on affected site
Phagocytic cells that respond to histamine and cytokines to phagocytize a pathogen (then die)
increased release of neutrophils from red bone marrow
Diapedesis
Histamine and cytokines
Macrophage
Phagocytic that phagocytize pathogens, debris from immune response, and malfunctioning body (self) cells like cancer
neutrophils die after phagocyting one cell while macrophages break down many
Antigen presenting cells (APC)
Movement towards increased gradient
Accumulation of toxic chemicals and digestion of pathogens
Cells that respond to allergens
histamine for chemotaxis and unfractioned heparin to prevent blood clots at site of infection
Responds to parasitic pathogens and allergic reactions
Link between innate and adaptive systems
Phagocytic; display pathogen antigen on MHC II then exits infected area and travels to secondary lymphatic tissue to start activating adaptive system to specific pathogen
Dendric and macrophages
travel around body to find malfunctioning cells to kill them BUT not the microbes inside them (phagocytes target the microbes after they're released)
Reduced Natural killer cells = development of malfunctioning cells
respond to infection/inflammation site through chemotaxis
Non-specific Lymphocytes (Innate immune system)
Cells displaying abnormal MHC I complex proteins
Release perforin ECF pours in Cytolysis
create holes in cell
Cell Bursting
NK cells are non-specific and Cytotoxic T cells are (target specific pathogen)
Group of chemicals released by Leukocytes
Macrophages: secrete nitric oxide (NO) toxic to microbes Neutrophils: secrete lactoferrin that binds to iron to make it unavailable to bacteria so they cannot reproduce Interleukins: induce fever, inhibit iron metabolism, used by memory T to Activate B and T cells