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Acute phase proteins are a heterogeneous group of plasma proteins that play a crucial role in the innate immune response. They help limit tissue damage caused by infection, trauma, malignancy, and other diseases by activating complement and enhancing phagocytosis.
The complement system consists of over 20 interdependent proteins that, upon sequential activation, mediate protection against microbial infections. It can initiate inflammation, attract neutrophils to the site of infection, enhance the attachment of microbes to phagocytes, and directly kill microbes.
Interferons are signaling proteins produced in response to viral infections. They inhibit protein synthesis in infected cells, activate immune cells, and modulate the immune response to enhance the body's antiviral defenses.
Cytokines are small signaling molecules secreted by cells that induce growth, chemotaxis, activation, and regulation of immunity. They are critical for cell signaling and can influence various biological effects in the immune system.
C-reactive protein (CRP) binds to bacterial phosphoryl choline and activates the complement system through C1q. It acts as an opsonin, enhancing phagocytosis by marking pathogens for destruction.
Mannose-binding protein (MBP) binds to mannose on bacteria, facilitating opsonization and enhancing phagocytosis. It also activates the complement system, contributing to the immune response against infections.
Lymphokines are a subset of cytokines produced by lymphocytes that act as growth factors and influence the nature of the immune response. They play a key role in regulating the activity and proliferation of immune cells.
T cells recognize antigens through their T cell receptors (TCR), which can only bind to short peptide fragments of proteins presented in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
Eosinophils are granular leukocytes that primarily function in the extracellular killing of large parasites that cannot be phagocytosed. They bind to antibody-coated parasites and release granules containing toxic substances.
Platelets are activated at the site of damaged blood vessels and release mediators that contribute to the inflammatory response. They play a role in hemostasis and can also bind to complement proteins.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is produced by macrophages and epithelial cells and activates vascular endothelium, promoting tissue inflammation. It plays a role in fever induction and the mobilization of phagocytes.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) is produced by macrophages and T cells and is involved in the activation of lymphocytes, increasing body temperature, and mobilizing phagocytes. It also induces the production of acute phase proteins.
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is produced by Th2 cells and macrophages and functions to suppress the activity of macrophages and inhibit Th1 responses. It promotes Th2 responses and is important for regulating inflammation.
Chemokines are small cytokines that direct the migration of immune cells to sites of tissue damage or infection. They activate and guide effector cells expressing chemokine receptors, playing a crucial role in the inflammatory response.
Type I interferons, including IFNα and IFNβ, are produced in response to viral infections and inhibit protein synthesis in infected cells. They enhance the immune response by activating natural killer (NK) cells and increasing antigen presentation.
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein that activates the complement system and acts as an opsonin. It plays a role in the immune response by enhancing the clearance of pathogens.
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is essential for the presentation of peptide antigens to T cells. MHC class I molecules present antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, while MHC class II molecules present to CD4+ helper T cells.
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is produced by Th2 cells and mast cells and is crucial for the growth and differentiation of eosinophils. It also promotes B cell activation and the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA).
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells and activates natural killer (NK) cells to produce interferon-gamma (IFNγ). It plays a key role in promoting Th1 responses and enhancing cell-mediated immunity.
Acute phase proteins are produced in response to infection or injury and help limit tissue damage by activating the complement system, enhancing phagocytosis, and modulating the inflammatory response. They are crucial for the body's innate defense mechanisms.