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The two types of explosive energy measurement are TMB (Tir au Mortier Balistique) and pool firing. The pool firing method is increasingly used by manufacturers to determine shock energy and gas energy released during detonation.
A booster is used as an initiator to sufficiently initiate bulk explosives. It is designed to protect the detonator during free-fall loading and consists of a high-speed detonation explosive.
Gels are composed of a combustible and an oxidizer, primarily ammonium nitrate. They are insensitive to water and shocks, and are typically packaged in soft plastic cartridges.
A detonator creates an explosive wave in contact with the explosive material to trigger detonation. Various types include pyrotechnic detonators, electric detonators, and shock tube detonators.
The energy of an explosive can be expressed in several ways, including energy per unit mass (Absolute Weight Strength, AWS) and energy relative to volume (Relative Bulk Strength, RBS).
The coefficient of self-excitation estimates the distance at which there is a 50% probability of detonation between an initiated and a non-initiated cartridge. This distance varies based on the type of explosive.
In wet conditions, water can alter the loading configurations and potentially trap the explosive. Proper precautions must be taken to ensure effective initiation.
Boosters can be molded in a rigid plastic or cardboard envelope or packaged in rigid envelopes with multiple orifices for various cartridge configurations.
The electronic system in detonators, developed in the 1980s, allows for precise programming and testing of detonators before deployment, enhancing initiation accuracy.
The energy released during detonation includes shock energy, which is the energy from the pressure peak, and gas energy, which is the energy from the gas bubble generated by the explosion.
Emulsions are aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate and mineral oil, which become explosive when tiny gas bubbles are introduced. They are insensitive to water and shocks.
Density affects the loading of explosives; hard rocks require higher density for effective fracturing, while softer rocks can be effectively loaded with lower density explosives.
The Console de Programmation (CP) is used to test and program each detonator individually before installation, ensuring proper functionality and timing.
Electric detonators use electrical signals to initiate detonation, while non-electric detonators, such as shock tube detonators, rely on shock waves to trigger the explosive.
On-site manufactured explosives require quality control measures, including density measurement and verification of charge placement, to ensure safety and effectiveness.
The energy of an explosive expressed in joules per cubic centimeter (j/cm3) provides a measure of its effectiveness and is used to compare different explosives.
Cutting products can be in the form of gel or emulsion sticks connected by detonating cord, or polypropylene cans filled with emulsion, used for precise cutting applications.
Detonating cord is used to initiate explosives by transmitting a shock wave, and can be used with or without relays for detonation.
The total energy of an explosive is the sum of shock energy and gas energy, providing a comprehensive measure of the explosive's performance.
When using emulsions in wet environments, it is crucial to ensure that the emulsion is sensitized and to take care when loading to prevent water from affecting the explosive's performance.