Topic 11- lesson 1-4

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    Progressivism

    movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms

    muckraker

    writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in politics or business

    Lincoln Steffens

    was a reporter and editor for the New York Post and, later, the muckraking McClure's magazine. He wrote articles and books exposing government corruption at the state and municipal levels.

    Jacob Riis

    was a Danish immigrant who became a New York City newspaper reporter in 1873. In 1888, as the crime reporter for the New York evening sun, he took photos of night life in the slums. Published in his 1890 book, How the other Half lives, the photos moved New York Police commissioner Theodore Roosevelt to take up the cause of urban reform.

    Upton Sinclair

    began writing for newspapers and completed several successful novels soon after he graduated college in 1897. His most famous work, The Jungle, was published in 1906. He continued to write muckraking pieces and in time became active in California politics, running unsuccessfully for governor in 1934. In 1942, he won a Pulitzer Prize for his novel Dragon's Teeth

    Social Gospel

    reform movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century that sought to improve society by applying Christian principles

    settlement house

    community center organized at the turn of the twentieth century to provide social services to the urban poor

    Jane Addams

    cofounded the hull house, a settlement house in Chicago, in 1889. She lived and worked out of Hull House for the rest of her life. A Pacifist and determined advocate for women's suffrage, She wrote many books and lectured widely. In 1931, she shared the Nobel Peace Prize.

    direct primary

    election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections

    Initiative

    process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot

    Referendum

    process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by a legislature

    recall

    process by which voters can remove elected officials from office before their terms end

    Seventeenth Amendment

    1913 constitutional amendment allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators by citizens

    Florence Kelly

    played a major role at Hull House in calling attention to the working conditions of women and children. In 1899, she headed the newly founded National Consumers League. In 1909 she helped found the NAACP.

    National Consumers League (NCL)

    group organized in 1899 to investigate the conditions under which goods were made and sold and to promote safe working conditions and a minimum wage

    Temperance Movement

    movement aimed at stopping alcohol abuse and the problems created by it

    Margaret Sanger

    first coined the term "birth control" in a pamphlet she published in 1914. A medical organization she founded, the Birth Control Research Bureau, evolved into Planned Parenthood in 1942.

    Frances Willard

    was a professor who grew interested in the temperance movement in 1874. She joined the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), where she clashed with other members by insisting on linking its goals with women's suffrage. By 1879, she had gained enough support to be elected president of the WCTU, a position she held the rest of her life.

    suffrage

    the right to vote

    Ida B. Wells

    was an African American journalist who worked throughout her life to end the practice of lynching in the South. She contributed to several newspapers, including the Memphis Free Speech, the New York Age, and the Chicago Conservator. In 1895, she published a detailed inquiry into lynching, entitled A Red Record.

    Susan B. Anthony

    was an American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement.

    Carrie Chapman Catt

    was an educator before becoming involved in the women's suffrage movement in 1887. In 1890, she joined the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). She became its president in 1900, and headed the organization almost without interruption until her death.

    National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

    They lobbied for state suffrage amendments that would lead to a federal amendment.

    Alice Paul

    joined the leadership of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1912 but soon left to found a more militant organization, which became the National Woman's Party in 1917. After the passage of the 19th Amendment, she xpanded her work for women's rights. In 1923 she introduced the first equal rights amendment into Congress.

    Ninteenth Amendment

    1920 constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote

    Americanization

    Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens

    Booker T. Washington

    was born into slavery and grew up in poverty following emancipation. In 1881, He was chosen to head the tuskegee Normal and Industrial Insituition, where he promoted vocational education for African American students. He encouraged African American citizens to accept segregration and to instead focus on improving themselves through education and economic opportunities.

    W.E.B. DuBois

    1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

    Niagra Movement

    group of African American thinkers founded in 1905 that pushed for immediate racial reforms, particularly in education and voting practices

    National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

    interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans

    Urban League

    Network of churches and clubs that set up employment agencies and relief efforts to help African Americans get settled and find work in the cities

    Anti-Defamation League

    organization formed in 1913 to defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statements

    Mutualist

    organized groups of Mexican Americans that make loans and provide legal assistance to other members of their community

    American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

    granted citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States

    Theodore Roosevelt

    was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He was known for the anti-monopoly and conservation policys.

    Square Deal

    President Theodore Roosevelt's program of reforms to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor

    Hepburn Act

    1906 law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the authority to set maximum shipping rates for railroads and for ferries, toll bridges, and oil pipelines

    Meat Inspection Act

    1906 law that empowered the federal government to inspect meat sold across state lines and required federal inspection of meat processing plants

    Pure Food and Drug Act

    1906 law that allowed federal inspection of food and medicine and banned the interstate shipment and sale of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs

    John Muir

    emigrated with his family from Scotland in 1849. In 1876 he urged the federal government to adopt a forest conservation policy and was later instrumental in the establishment of California's Yosemite and Sequoia national parks. In 1892, Muir founded the Sierra Club, one of today's leading conservationist organizations.

    Gifford Pinchot

    was appointed to head the U.S. Forest Service, but was fired in 1910 after a dispute with President Taft's Secretary of the Interior. In 1912, he helped form the Progressive Party that nominated Theodore Roosevelt to run for President. He continued his conservation work in Pennsylvania, where he was elected governor in 1922.national

    National Reclamation Act

    1902 law that gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed through the building and management of dams and irrigation projects

    New Nationalism

    President Theodore Roosevelt's plan to restore the government's trust-busting power

    Progressive party

    political party that emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party in 1912

    Woodrow Wilson

    President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. He was also Elected governor of new Jersey.

    New freedom

    Woodrow Wilson's program during the presidential campaign of 1912 that called for government action against monopolies to ensure free competition

    Sixteenth Amendment

    1913 constitutional amendment that gave Congress the authority to levy an income tax

    monetary policy

    control of the money supply by a central authority, including influencing interest rates to promote economic growth and stability

    Federal Reserve Act

    1913 law that placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board, which runs regional banks that hold the reserve funds from commercial banks, sets interest rates, and supervises commercial banks

    Clayton Antitrust Act

    1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act