Master this deck with 21 terms through effective study methods.
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The main products generated by biochemical reactions in cells include various metabolites, nutrients, hormones, and genetic material. These products can be stored within the cell or expelled outside, crossing the cytoplasmic barrier.
Animals need to consume food to produce the organic matter that constitutes their bodies. This organic matter is synthesized from the nutrients derived from the food they eat.
Nutrients are transformed from food through a process of digestion where food is broken down into smaller fragments until they are small enough to be absorbed by the organism.
Hormones are signaling molecules that regulate various physiological processes in the body. They are produced in response to extracellular signals and play crucial roles in growth, metabolism, and homeostasis.
Metabolic energy refers to the energy produced by biochemical reactions within a cell. It is essential for cellular functions, as cells require energy to perform various activities, including growth, repair, and maintenance.
Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouses' of the cell because they produce the majority of the cell's energy in the form of ATP through the process of cellular respiration.
ATP production in mitochondria occurs through the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, where energy from nutrients, particularly glucose derivatives, is converted into ATP.
The cell cycle is crucial for cellular reproduction as it ensures that cells divide and replicate accurately, maintaining the integrity of tissues and organs.
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris. They play a key role in cellular cleanup and recycling processes.
Active transport is the process by which substances are moved across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input from the cell, often through ion pumps.
Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances from the external environment by engulfing them in vesicles, while exocytosis is the process of expelling substances from the cell by merging vesicles with the plasma membrane.
Cells communicate through exocytosis by releasing signaling molecules, such as hormones and neurotransmitters, into the extracellular space, which can then bind to receptors on other cells.
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles, playing a key role in the cell's transport system.
Mitochondria are referred to as the 'energy factories' because they are the primary site of ATP production, converting energy stored in nutrients into a usable form for cellular activities.
The double membrane structure of mitochondria allows for compartmentalization of metabolic processes, with the inner membrane housing the electron transport chain and ATP synthase, essential for efficient energy production.
Cells maintain homeostasis by regulating the transport of substances across their membranes, using mechanisms like passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport to balance internal and external environments.
Ion pumps are integral membrane proteins that actively transport ions across the cell membrane, helping to establish and maintain electrochemical gradients essential for various cellular functions.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a process that is often regulated by mitochondria through the release of cytochrome c and other factors that activate the apoptotic pathway.
Nutrients are essential for the synthesis of organic matter, as they provide the building blocks (like amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars) that are assembled into macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
The plasma membrane serves as a selective barrier that regulates the entry and exit of substances, facilitating communication and transport through various mechanisms like endocytosis and exocytosis.
The study of cellular structures is important because it helps us understand the functions and processes that sustain life, including metabolism, energy production, and cellular communication.