AP World History Modern Unit 5 Multiple Choice Questions Study Guide

All of the following claims made by Saint-Maurice in Source 2 directly advocate for the abolition of slavery in Saint-Domingue EXCEPT Source 1: "It cannot be denied that when the French nation proclaimed these sacred words, 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights,' it did not break the chains of humankind. It is we who must put these words into action. The wealthy plantation owners of Saint-Domingue [Haiti], therefore, have everything to fear from the influence of our revolution on the current actions of their slaves. These principles overturn the system on which rests their fortunes. No one should be surprised, therefore, that these plantation owners have become the most ardent enemies of these principles. Yet the moment has arrived to change the social system of the colonies, to reintegrate it into humankind. It is in this greater action that the salvation of all parties, justice, and glory will be

A. that "White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun"

Which of the following most directly influenced the arguments about social and economic change in Saint-Domingue expressed by Kersaint and Saint-Maurice in the passages? Source 1: "It cannot be denied that when the French nation proclaimed these sacred words, 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights,' it did not break the chains of humankind. It is we who must put these words into action. The wealthy plantation owners of Saint-Domingue [Haiti], therefore, have everything to fear from the influence of our revolution on the current actions of their slaves. These principles overturn the system on which rests their fortunes. No one should be surprised, therefore, that these plantation owners have become the most ardent enemies of these principles. Yet the moment has arrived to change the social system of the colonies, to reintegrate it into humankind. It is in this greater action that the salvation of all

D. Enlightenment thinkers

Kersaint and Saint-Maurice's arguments about granting citizenship to the Black inhabitants of Saint-Domingue are most different from the arguments of those nationalists who claimed that Source 1: "It cannot be denied that when the French nation proclaimed these sacred words, 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights,' it did not break the chains of humankind. It is we who must put these words into action. The wealthy plantation owners of Saint-Domingue [Haiti], therefore, have everything to fear from the influence of our revolution on the current actions of their slaves. These principles overturn the system on which rests their fortunes. No one should be surprised, therefore, that these plantation owners have become the most ardent enemies of these principles. Yet the moment has arrived to change the social system of the colonies, to reintegrate it into humankind. It is in this greater action that th

B. only those born within the territory of the nation and those who shared a common historical origin should be included as citizens within the nation

All of the following statements about Armand-Guy Kersaint are factually accurate. Which would best explain why, unlike the author of Source 2, Kersaint is NOT calling for the unconditional and immediate abolition of slavery? Source 1: "It cannot be denied that when the French nation proclaimed these sacred words, 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights,' it did not break the chains of humankind. It is we who must put these words into action. The wealthy plantation owners of Saint-Domingue [Haiti], therefore, have everything to fear from the influence of our revolution on the current actions of their slaves. These principles overturn the system on which rests their fortunes. No one should be surprised, therefore, that these plantation owners have become the most ardent enemies of these principles. Yet the moment has arrived to change the social system of the colonies, to reintegrate it into humankind.

C. At the time of the French Revolution, Kersaint owned plantations and other property in the French Caribbean.

In the nineteenth century, the spread of which of the following most strongly contributed to a sharp decline in the slave trade? Graph: NUMBER OF ENSLAVED AFRICANS TRANSPORTED TO THE AMERICAS, 1519-1800

B. Enlightenment ideas challenging traditional notions of individual and natural rights

Judging from the excerpt above, which of the following was the main purpose of Morelos' speech? "Spirits of Moctezuma, Cuauhtémoc and other Aztec heroes, as once you celebrated that feast before being slaughtered by the treacherous sword of the Spanish conquistadors, so now celebrate this happy moment in which your sons have united to avenge the crimes and outrages committed against you, and to free themselves from the claws of [Spanish] tyranny and fanaticism. To the 12th of August 1521—the day that the chains of our serfdom were fastened—there now succeeds the 14th of September 1813—when these chains are broken forever." José María Morelos, Mexican Revolutionary, speech, 1813

C. To offer a vision of Mexican history that could be used as a basis for nation building

Which of the following was the key factor in the start of Latin American independence?

B. Creole grievances about their lack of political authority

The perspective of the author in the first paragraph can best be understood in the context of which of the following nineteenth-century developments? "Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first,

C. Competition among European states for global power and influence

The United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen reflect a shared concern for

C. protection of private property

Which of the following groups was Bolívar most trying to influence with this letter? "Americans . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity . . . in short, do you wish to know what our future held?-simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold." Simón Bolívar, "Jamaica Letter," 1815

D. Creole elites

Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies? "Americans . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity . . . in short, do you wish to know what our future held?-simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold." Simón Bolívar, "Jamaica Letter," 1815

B. Mercantilism

Which of the following developments in nineteenth-century Brazil was most likely a product of the experiences of elite Brazilians, as described in the second paragraph? "With the powerful help of the Catholic Church and the religious orders, the Portuguese were able to impose their language and culture on a considerable portion of Brazil [by 1700]. Even the [colonial] elite had no educational opportunities in Brazil beyond . . . secondary school. Their only alternative was to leave Brazil for Coimbra University [in Portugal], where one hundred of the sons of the colonial Brazilian elite studied law or medicine during the colonial period. Even Coimbra was a very narrow window onto the intellectual revolution that was transforming the rest of Europe. The luckiest of the lucky young colonialists took a diversion to France, which by the early eighteenth century was caught up in the ferment of the Enlightenment. By the

B. The abolition of slavery

The passage would be most useful to a historian researching which of the following topics? "Mexico is the country of inequality. Nowhere does there exist such a profound difference in the distribution of fortune, civilization, cultivation of the soil, and population. The indigenous people offer a picture of extreme misery. They are banished into the most barren districts and live only from hand to mouth. Besides them, there are the people called castas, who spring from the mixture of the races with one another. These castas constitute a mass almost as considerable as the indigenous people. The government is suspicious of the Creoles1 and bestows great estates exclusively on European Spaniards. Since 1789 we frequently hear the following being proudly declared, 'I am not a Spaniard, I am an American!' These are words that betray a long resentment. In the eye of law, every White Creole is a Spaniard, but the abu

A. The global influence of Enlightenment ideals on emerging nationalist movements

The disputes over women's rights alluded to in the letter best reflect which of the following late-nineteenth-century changes in Middle Eastern societies? "I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because, in the past, society was characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power, where victory went to him who was the strongest or the best able to endure hardship, or to him who perpetrated the most atrocities, such as killing people, etc., —in other words, to him who was farthest from women's gentle nature and compassionat

D. The spread of intellectual and political debates informed by Enlightenment ideas

The letter's reference in the second paragraph to the claims of "our doctors and scientists" is best understood in the context of which of the following late-nineteenth-century processes? "I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because, in the past, society was characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power, where victory went to him who was the strongest or the best able to endure hardship, or to him who perpetrated the most atrocities, such as killing people, etc., —in other words, to him who was farthest from wom

A. Physical differences between genders and racial groups were used to justify the denial of rights to women and non-Europeans.

Which of the following contributed the most to the growth of the movement to abolish slavery in the Atlantic world?

B. The adaptation of Enlightenment ideas challenging established social hierarchies

Which of the following historical developments in the period 1750-1900 best explains the attitudes toward women in Muslim societies expressed by the authors of the two sources? Source 1: Women, a warning. Leave not your homes without good reason/You may go out to get food or to seek education./In Islam, it is a religious duty to seek knowledge/Women may leave their homes freely for this./Repent and behave like respectable married women/You must obey your husbands' lawful demands./You must dress modestly and be God-fearing./Any woman who refuses, receives no benefit,/The merciful Lord will punish her./I have written this poem as a warning/For you to put to good use in the community of believers. Nana Asma'u, Nigerian Muslim princess and daughter of the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, poem, 1856 Source 2: Girls used to be exchanged for a herd of camels and goats./But the religion we learned and the Qur'an do

A. Challenges to existing political and social hierarchies

Which of the following European developments is most closely associated with the revolution in Haiti?

C. The French Revolution

The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author's motives for resistance to Spanish colonial rule in Latin America? "Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding." Simón Bolívar, Jamaica Letter, 1815

B. Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America.

Which of the following nineteenth-century historical processes gave rise to arguments for regional unity similar to those made by the author? "It is not surprising that your nation [Japan] considers it its mission to unite and lead Asia. The European nations, for all their differences, are united like a single country in their attitude towards the non-Europeans. If, for instance, the Mongolians threatened to take a piece of European territory, all the European countries would make common cause to resist them. But Japan cannot stand alone. She would be bankrupt in competition with a united Europe, and she could not expect support in Europe. It is natural that she should seek it in Asia, in association with a free China, Thailand, and, perhaps, in the ultimate course of things, a free India. An associated Asia would be a powerful force. Of course, that is to look a long way ahead, and there are many obstacles in the

C. Spanish Latin American colonies' struggles for independence

Which of the following developments in the Western Hemisphere most directly resulted from the French Revolution?

E. The creation of the first independent Black republic in the Americas

The passage above is an example of which of the following processes occurring in the eighteenth century? "Liberty and justice consist of restoring all that belongs to others; thus, the only limits on the exercise of the natural rights of woman are perpetual male tyranny; these limits are to be reformed by the laws of nature and reason." Olympe de Gouges, French feminist, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791

C. The application of Enlightenment ideas

In nineteenth-century liberal democratic theory, a woman's role was generally portrayed as that of

A. the mother of citizens

One important similarity between the American Revolution and the French Revolution is that they both

A. challenged monarchical governments

A key issue that historians have debated in explaining the reasons for nineteenth-century slave emancipations involves

C. the role of humanitarianism

In the nineteenth century, women's use of bound feet (China), white face paint (Japan), and corsets (western Europe) are examples of which of the following?

A. Practices that inhibit female activities

The United States Bill of Rights and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen reflect a shared concern for

C. protection of private property

As described in the passage, the voting requirements in Japan circa 1878 most directly reflect the continuing influence of "Although I am a common woman, I have been the head of a family for some time, and I have fulfilled the various duties required as head of a family. Therefore, I automatically assumed that the government gave all heads of families equal rights regardless of sex. However, I recently found that this is not the case. I was told that I have no right to vote even for the local ward [neighborhood] assembly where I live because I am a woman. I was also told that for the same reason I am unable to sign or co-sign legal documents, although I have my registered legal seal. Thus there is a world of difference between male and female heads of families in terms of rights. But rights and duties should coexist together. It should logically be the case that if the head of family has the right to vote, she has

A. societal norms that assigned women lower status than the status of men

The author's argument regarding taxation most closely resembles the arguments made by "Although I am a common woman, I have been the head of a family for some time, and I have fulfilled the various duties required as head of a family. Therefore, I automatically assumed that the government gave all heads of families equal rights regardless of sex. However, I recently found that this is not the case. I was told that I have no right to vote even for the local ward [neighborhood] assembly where I live because I am a woman. I was also told that for the same reason I am unable to sign or co-sign legal documents, although I have my registered legal seal. Thus there is a world of difference between male and female heads of families in terms of rights. But rights and duties should coexist together. It should logically be the case that if the head of family has the right to vote, she has an obligation to pay tax; but if t

A. Enlightenment thinkers regarding natural rights and the social contract

Based on the passage, the author would most likely support which of the following policies? "Although I am a common woman, I have been the head of a family for some time, and I have fulfilled the various duties required as head of a family. Therefore, I automatically assumed that the government gave all heads of families equal rights regardless of sex. However, I recently found that this is not the case. I was told that I have no right to vote even for the local ward [neighborhood] assembly where I live because I am a woman. I was also told that for the same reason I am unable to sign or co-sign legal documents, although I have my registered legal seal. Thus there is a world of difference between male and female heads of families in terms of rights. But rights and duties should coexist together. It should logically be the case that if the head of family has the right to vote, she has an obligation to pay tax; but

B. Providing greater educational opportunities to increase women's economic independence

The type of grievances outlined by the author in the passage was a key contributing factor in the outbreak of which of the following? "Although I am a common woman, I have been the head of a family for some time, and I have fulfilled the various duties required as head of a family. Therefore, I automatically assumed that the government gave all heads of families equal rights regardless of sex. However, I recently found that this is not the case. I was told that I have no right to vote even for the local ward [neighborhood] assembly where I live because I am a woman. I was also told that for the same reason I am unable to sign or co-sign legal documents, although I have my registered legal seal. Thus there is a world of difference between male and female heads of families in terms of rights. But rights and duties should coexist together. It should logically be the case that if the head of family has the right to vo

A. The American Revolution

Based on Bayly's argument, Indian liberal ideas were most clearly influenced by which of the following? "[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and p

C. Enlightenment concepts of natural rights

The Indian liberal view of women discussed in the passage is best understood in the context of which of the following? "[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of a

B. Emerging women's suffrage and feminist movements

Many Indian historians after independence would likely have objected to Bayly's characterization of Indian liberalism on the basis of their belief that "[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They

A. Indian nationalism was inspired predominantly by Indian cultural and political traditions

In the period from 1750 to 1850, which of the following political ideologies was gaining increasing influence in western Europe and parts of the Atlantic world?

A. Liberalism

Which of the following is a significant result of the late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century revolutions in both Europe and the Americas?

C. Nation-states emerged as the principal form of political organization in both Europe and the Americas.

In what way did the Haitian Revolution differ from the French Revolution?

C. The leaders of the Haitian Revolution came from a different social class than did the leaders of the French Revolution.

The Australian catalog page of 1929 shown above shows women primarily as

E. consumers in a world economy

The first successful revolution in the Caribbean and South America was launched in

A. Haiti

By 1830 revolutions in the Atlantic world resulted in which of the following changes?

A. The political independence of colonies in both North and South America

The North and South American independence movements of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shared which of the following?

A. Limitation of civil rights to a minority of the population

Which of the following would most directly challenge the labor system portrayed in the sketch? The sketch shows the artist's son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant. A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784

B. The Enlightenment

In the excerpt, Bolívar expresses which of the following? "Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, . . . or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding. In short, do you wish to know what our future held?—simply the cultivation of fields . . . cattle raising . . . hunting wild game . . . mining gold." Simón Bolívar, Letter from Jamaica, 1815

B. Outrage at the effects of mercantilist policies

Slavery and serfdom were abolished in the 1860s in

B. the United States and Russia

The passage above best reflects which of the following? "And God gave unto the Polish kings and knights freedom, that all might be brothers, both the richest and the poorest. The king and the men of knightly rank received into their brotherhood still more people.... And the number of brothers became as great as a nation, and in no nation were there so many people free and calling each other brothers as in Poland." Adam Mickiewicz, poem, 1832, about Polish uprisings against Russia in 1830 and 1831

C. Development of nationalism

In the nineteenth century, the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires were two examples of

D. multinational empires

Based on the letter, Kartini's views were most similar to the views espoused by members of which of the following movements? "I have longed to make the acquaintance of a 'modern girl,' that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! I do not belong to the Indian world, but to that of my sisters who are struggling forward in the distant West. If the laws of my land permitted it, I would be like the new woman in Europe; but age-long traditions that cannot be broken hold us back. Someday those traditions will loosen and let us go, but it may be three, four generations after us. Oh, you do not know what it is to love this young, new age with heart and soul, and yet to be bound hand and foot, chained by all the laws, customs, and conventions of one's land. All our institutions are directly opposed to the progress for which I so long for the sake of our people. Day and night I wonder by what means our anci

B. The early feminist movement

Which of the following best describes the author's approach in the first paragraph? "We often see articles in our [Brazilian] newspapers trying to convince the reader that slavery among us is a very mild and pleasant condition for the slave—so often, in fact, that one may almost begin to believe that, if slaves were asked, they would prefer slavery to freedom. This only proves that newspaper articles are not written by slaves. . . . The legal position of slaves in Brazil can be summed up in these words: the Constitution does not apply to them. Our [1824] Constitution is full of lofty ideas [such as]: 'No citizen can be forced to do anything except as required by law;' 'The law shall apply equally to every person;' 'Whipping, torture, and all other cruel punishments are abolished,' etc. Yet, in this ostensibly free nation . . . we must have, on a daily basis, judges, police, and, if need be, the arm

C. Using sarcasm to highlight the weakness of the proslavery arguments

Based on the provisions from the 1824 Constitution cited in the second paragraph, it can be inferred that "We often see articles in our [Brazilian] newspapers trying to convince the reader that slavery among us is a very mild and pleasant condition for the slave—so often, in fact, that one may almost begin to believe that, if slaves were asked, they would prefer slavery to freedom. This only proves that newspaper articles are not written by slaves. . . . The legal position of slaves in Brazil can be summed up in these words: the Constitution does not apply to them. Our [1824] Constitution is full of lofty ideas [such as]: 'No citizen can be forced to do anything except as required by law;' 'The law shall apply equally to every person;' 'Whipping, torture, and all other cruel punishments are abolished,' etc. Yet, in this ostensibly free nation . . . we must have, on a daily basis, judges, police, and,

A. the government of Brazil had adopted Enlightenment political principles

The second paragraph would most directly support the claim that abolitionists in the late nineteenth century supported their position by "We often see articles in our [Brazilian] newspapers trying to convince the reader that slavery among us is a very mild and pleasant condition for the slave—so often, in fact, that one may almost begin to believe that, if slaves were asked, they would prefer slavery to freedom. This only proves that newspaper articles are not written by slaves. . . . The legal position of slaves in Brazil can be summed up in these words: the Constitution does not apply to them. Our [1824] Constitution is full of lofty ideas [such as]: 'No citizen can be forced to do anything except as required by law;' 'The law shall apply equally to every person;' 'Whipping, torture, and all other cruel punishments are abolished,' etc. Yet, in this ostensibly free nation . . . we must have, on a da

D. exposing the discrepancy between the idea of universal human rights and the persistence of slavery

The adoption of the new flag is an example of which of the following processes? After the abdication of the last Qing emperor in China in 1912, the new republican government adopted a new national flag (the so-called five-races-together-in-harmony flag) in which five stripes represented the five main ethnic groups: the Han Chinese, the Manchus, the Tibetans, the Uighurs, and the Mongols.

D. Governmental efforts of multinational states to promote a new nationalist identity that would help prevent the emergence of ethnic separatism

Rebellious ethnic minorities in the Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian Empires during the late nineteenth century were motivated primarily by

D. nationalism

Which of the following claims does Napoleon make about religion in the document al-Jabarti quotes in the second paragraph? "On Monday news reached us that the French* had printed a proclamation in Arabic and had sent it around to be read in public, calling upon Egyptians to obey them. A copy of that document came into my possession and I will quote it here: 'In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate. On behalf of the French Republic which is based upon the foundations of liberty and equality, General Bonaparte addresses all Egyptian people: O ye Egyptians, some may tell you that we have come here to abolish your religion, but that is a lie. The real purpose of our campaign is to restore your rights from your oppressors—the Mamluk** rulers of Egypt. Know that all people are equal and that only differences in the degree of reason, virtue, or knowledge may be used to elevate one person above another.

C. The French did not wish to change the religion of the people of Egypt.

Which of the following claims does al-Jabarti make about the French? "On Monday news reached us that the French* had printed a proclamation in Arabic and had sent it around to be read in public, calling upon Egyptians to obey them. A copy of that document came into my possession and I will quote it here: 'In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate. On behalf of the French Republic which is based upon the foundations of liberty and equality, General Bonaparte addresses all Egyptian people: O ye Egyptians, some may tell you that we have come here to abolish your religion, but that is a lie. The real purpose of our campaign is to restore your rights from your oppressors—the Mamluk** rulers of Egypt. Know that all people are equal and that only differences in the degree of reason, virtue, or knowledge may be used to elevate one person above another. But what reason, virtue, or knowledge do the Mamluks h

C. The French do not believe in either Christianity or Islam.

The North and South American independence movements of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shared which of the following?

A. Revolutionary demands based on Enlightenment political ideas

Which of the following statements is true of Latin American independence movements in the nineteenth century?

B. Creole elites led most revolts against colonial rule.

The author's argument regarding the effects of Western philosophy on the world is likely based on which of the following? "I think we should continue to emphasize the history and culture of the West, while encompassing the rest, because the West has in fact made the world we know. Anyone who wants to participate in the world community in the coming century had better know how and why the West has defined, and will continue to define, world civilization. Why do I say that? Because everybody wants what we have: science and technology, prosperity, and democracy—that is, our philosophy, our economics, our politics. It is the simple truth that science and technology emerge out of Western philosophy, not out of the philosophy of India, China, or the African nations. Since it is a fact that people everywhere aspire to the material advantages that flow, uniquely I think, from the modes of social organization that the

C. The adoption of European Enlightenment political and scientific principles worldwide

Many historians have argued that by the late nineteenth century the industrialized nations of Europe had achieved global economic dominance more through force and coercion than through the superiority of their industrial products. Which of the following nineteenth-century developments would best support this contention?

D. The decline of the Indian textile industry's share of global manufacturing

Sun Yuting's analysis of the potential effect of a trade embargo on Great Britain could best be characterized as "The Jiaqing emperor asked the governor Sun Yuting: 'Is Britain wealthy and powerful?' Sun Yuting responded, 'Britain is larger than other European countries and is, therefore, powerful. But its power comes from its wealth, which is derived from China. This country is allowed to trade at the port of Canton. It exchanges its goods for our tea. It then resells the tea to Europe and to its colonies in the West, thus becoming wealthy and powerful. Yet, tea is as important to the West as rhubarb is to Russia. If we put an embargo on tea exports, Britain will fall into poverty and its people into sickness. How powerful, then, could Britain possibly be compared to China?'" Sun Yuting, governor of the southern Chinese province of Guangdong, autobiographical account of his conversation with the Jiaqi

A. inaccurate, because Sun Yuting failed to account for the fact that Great Britain's economy had largely industrialized

Which of the following best characterizes the economic situation of most Asian states such as China at the end of the nineteenth century? "The Jiaqing emperor asked the governor Sun Yuting: 'Is Britain wealthy and powerful?' Sun Yuting responded, 'Britain is larger than other European countries and is, therefore, powerful. But its power comes from its wealth, which is derived from China. This country is allowed to trade at the port of Canton. It exchanges its goods for our tea. It then resells the tea to Europe and to its colonies in the West, thus becoming wealthy and powerful. Yet, tea is as important to the West as rhubarb is to Russia. If we put an embargo on tea exports, Britain will fall into poverty and its people into sickness. How powerful, then, could Britain possibly be compared to China?'" Sun Yuting, governor of the southern Chinese province of Guangdong, autobiographical account of his conv

D. Although their overall wealth declined, they continued to produce finished goods.

Which of the following best supports the view of some world historians that the eighteenth century marked a major turning point in world history?

D. The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England

Which of the following historical processes after 1750 contributed most directly to a change in Safavid production and export patterns as described in the passage? "The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia]. The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians

B. European industrialization

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the processes illustrated in the images? Image 1: COAL MINE IN THE ENGLISH MIDLANDS, CIRCA 1750 Image 2: COAL-SIFTING ROOM AT A MINE, WESTERN FRANCE, CIRCA 1850

C. A decline in Asian countries' share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports

The values of "foreign civilization" that Nagazane criticized in the passage were most directly a product of the "The essence of education, our traditional national aim, is to promote benevolence, justice, loyalty, filial piety, and knowledge and skill. But recently, people have been going to extremes by embracing a foreign civilization whose only values are fact-gathering and technical-skill. These values bring harm to our customary ways. We try to incorporate the best features of foreigners in order to achieve the lofty goals that the Meiji emperor desires. We have tried to abandon the undesirable practices of the past and learn from the outside world. But these policies have had a serious defect. They have reduced benevolence, justice, loyalty, and filial piety to secondary goals. If we indiscriminately imitate foreign ways, our people will forget the great principles governing the relations between ruler a

D. Scientific and Industrial Revolutions

The industrialization of Great Britain's economy in the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is most directly explained by which of the following?

C. Britain had large reserves of coal.

The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain was most influenced by which of the following factors?

B. The location and large number of British coal deposits

Which of the following was a major reason for the decline in India's share of the global manufacture of cotton textiles by the end of the nineteenth century?

C. Competition from industrially produced British textiles

Which of the following factors contributed most to the increase of world population in the period 1750 to 1900 C.E.?

B. Improvements in agricultural productivity and food distribution

Which of the following best describes an accurate comparison of the relationship between sailing vessels and steamships in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table? APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SHIPPING VESSELS AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD TRADE BY REGION, CIRCA 1874-1880

B. The total number of sailing vessels in all regions still greatly surpassed the total number of steamships in all regions.

Which of the following best describes a conclusion about the relationship between steamships and world trade in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table? APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SHIPPING VESSELS AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD TRADE BY REGION, CIRCA 1874-1880

D. Europe's dominance in the total number of steamships roughly correlates to its dominance in world trade.

Which of the following describes a conclusion about Asia that is best supported by the data in the table? APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SHIPPING VESSELS AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD TRADE BY REGION, CIRCA 1874-1880

D. Although Asia had far fewer vessels than North America had, Asia was responsible for a larger percentage of world trade.

The image best illustrates which factor that contributed to Great Britain's increasing prominence as a global power in the nineteenth century? THE BLACK COUNTRY, ANONYMOUS ENGRAVING DEPICTING THE ENGLISH TOWN OF OLDBURY, CIRCA 1850

A. Great Britain's location on the Atlantic Ocean and its many waterways enabled it to import and export goods.

All of the following contributed to the rise of industrialization in western Europe and North America during the nineteenth century EXCEPT

D. increased rights for laborers

Most world historians would agree that the key to European predominance in the world economy during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was

A. the Industrial Revolution

Most world historians would agree that the key to European predominance in the world economy during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was

A. the Industrial Revolution

Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750-1900 ?

B. Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories.

The print above suggests that as nineteenth-century Japan industrialized, Japanese women did which of the following?

C. Became involved in the factory system and industrial production.

The development of the factory system most directly explains which of the following characteristics of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

D. The greater degree of labor specialization

The "second Industrial Revolution" in the last half of the nineteenth century was associated with the mass production of which of the following groups of products?

E. Electricity, steel, and chemicals

The image from Japan during the Meiji Restoration best exemplifies which of the following processes?

B. Cultural changes accompanying greater contact with the United States

Which of the following was the main factor leading to the fall of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji government?

D. Pressure from Western powers

Image 1 best illustrates which of the following broad economic transformations in the period circa 1750 ? Image 1: COAL MINE IN THE ENGLISH MIDLANDS, CIRCA 1750 Image 2: COAL-SIFTING ROOM AT A MINE, WESTERN FRANCE, CIRCA 1850

B. The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy

The policies of the Meiji reformers brought about which of the following in Japan?

E. The promotion of rapid industrialization

In contrast to initial industrialization, the second Industrial Revolution in the last half of the nineteenth century was particularly associated with the mass production of which of the following?

D. Electricity, steel, and chemicals

Which of the following developments in the period 1878-1922 best explains the change in Japanese trade patterns shown in the graphs above? Graph: THE CHANGING PATTERN OF JAPANESE TRADE

C. Japanese manufacturing output rose as a consequence of industrialization.

Which of the following distinguishes the Meiji period from earlier periods in Japanese history?

C. Reform and industrialization

Over the course of the nineteenth century, the risks associated with financing the trading voyages of European ships would Table: INFORMATION ON PROFITS AND RISKS OF VARIOUS INVESTMENT TYPES, PROVIDED BY ENGLISH COMMERCIAL BANKS AND OTHER PRIVATE LENDERS TO PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS, 1750 TO 1800

A. decrease, as steamships offered a more reliable and safer method of oceanic transportation

Which of the following is true of both Russia and Japan by 1914 ?

E. Rapid, state-sponsored industrialized had occurred in both countries.

Which of the following societies successfully resisted foreign penetration and domination from 1650 to 1850?

A. The Japanese

The Meiji Restoration of the nineteenth century involved internal reforms that included which of the following? "The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigat

C. The modernization of Japan's military

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the economic development of Japan and the economic development of Russia in the nineteenth century? "The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate th

A. Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process.

The industrialization of Japan in the nineteenth century most directly led to Japan's adoption of which of the following foreign policies? "The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at K

D. A policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states

Which of the following most likely influenced Fukuzawa's views in the passage? "In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and sold

C. The forcible "opening up" of Japanese markets to the West, which led to the Meiji Restoration

The technological processes reflected in the image had the most direct influence on which of the following? THE BLACK COUNTRY, ANONYMOUS ENGRAVING DEPICTING THE ENGLISH TOWN OF OLDBURY, CIRCA 1850

C. The rise of Japan in the Meiji era

Adoption of which of the following power sources has contributed the most to increasing the energy available to humans?

C. Fossil fuels

The Meiji government's "emulation of foreign ways" was most directly a response to which of the following nineteenth-century developments? "The essence of education, our traditional national aim, is to promote benevolence, justice, loyalty, filial piety, and knowledge and skill. But recently, people have been going to extremes by embracing a foreign civilization whose only values are fact-gathering and technical-skill. These values bring harm to our customary ways. We try to incorporate the best features of foreigners in order to achieve the lofty goals that the Meiji emperor desires. We have tried to abandon the undesirable practices of the past and learn from the outside world. But these policies have had a serious defect. They have reduced benevolence, justice, loyalty, and filial piety to secondary goals. If we indiscriminately imitate foreign ways, our people will forget the great principles governing t

B. Western states forcing Japan to open itself to trade

The emergence of the German industries referred to in the passage is most directly explained by which of the following processes in the nineteenth century? "By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner

B. The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution

Great Britain's development of the industry referred to in the first paragraph during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best explained by the fact that British factories were the first to "By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The l

A. use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production

Which of the following developments in the nineteenth century would most likely help explain the size and composition of the workforce at the Bayer plant as described in the second paragraph? "By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are ar

A. The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions.

Which of the following best supports the argument that the last three decades of the nineteenth century were a turning point in world history?

A. Significant increases in demand for fossil fuels for industrial uses

Which of the following best explains the change in energy consumption in the time period from 1000 to 1850 C.E.? Table: ENERGY USE BY HUMAN SOCIETIES IN THOUSANDS OF CALORIES PER DAY, AVERAGE PER PERSON, BASED ON ESTIMATED GLOBAL POPULATION

A. The increasing mechanization of labor as a result of industrialization

Industrialization in Russia during the nineteenth century most closely resembled industrialization in which of the following regions?

C. Japan during the Meiji Restoration

In the late nineteenth century, Japanese attitudes toward European cultural influences changed as a direct result of Image: JAPANESE FUMI-E ("STEPPING-ON PICTURE"), A TYPE OF METAL PLATE CARVED WITH CHRISTIAN IMAGERY, USED BY THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT TO IDENTIFY SUSPECTED CHRISTIANS, CIRCA 1630 Japanese authorities required suspected Japanese Christians to tread on fumi-e plates based on the belief that Christians would refuse to disrespect images of Jesus Christ and other Christian religious figures.

B. Japan enacting political reforms during the Meiji Era

Japan's industrialization during the Meiji period and the Soviet Union's industrialization during the 1920s and 1930s had which of the following characteristics in common?

A. Industrialization in both countries was achieved largely through state direction rather than through private initiative.

The Meiji reforms in Japan resulted in

B. a shift of power away from regional lords and to the emperor

Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend in the percentages of industrial production and heavy industry as shown in the table for the period 1890-1938 ? Table: JAPANESE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1890-1975

B. The Meiji reforms

For the period circa 1890 to 1910, which of the following countries experienced industrialization trends most similar to those for Japan, as shown in the table? Table: JAPANESE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1890-1975

C. Germany

During the nineteenth century, Asian and African rulers usually desired transfer of which of the following western technologies most?

B. Weapons

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data in the table? Table: INFORMATION ON PROFITS AND RISKS OF VARIOUS INVESTMENT TYPES, PROVIDED BY ENGLISH COMMERCIAL BANKS AND OTHER PRIVATE LENDERS TO PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS, 1750 TO 1800

B. Financial practices facilitated deeper global economic integration.

The economic success of businesses such as the British South Africa Company was in part dependent on which of the following developments in the late nineteenth century? "The fourth annual meeting of the shareholders of the British South Africa Company was held yesterday at the Cannon-street Hotel. The company's chairman, in his opening address, said, 'Twice during the past year we met when fighting with Africans was taking place in the company's territory, when financial arrangements of a complicated character were pending, and when the outlook of the enterprise seemed full of doubt and difficulty. Today, however, we are in a position far superior to any we had previously occupied and ever had hoped to attain. In founding the British South Africa Company, the shareholders undertook the occupation and development of a considerable extent of valuable territory in South Africa. Thus, because of the far-seeing a

D. The adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance

As described in the passage, the economic model of the British South Africa Company most directly differed from which of the following economic trends in the late nineteenth century? "The fourth annual meeting of the shareholders of the British South Africa Company was held yesterday at the Cannon-street Hotel. The company's chairman, in his opening address, said, 'Twice during the past year we met when fighting with Africans was taking place in the company's territory, when financial arrangements of a complicated character were pending, and when the outlook of the enterprise seemed full of doubt and difficulty. Today, however, we are in a position far superior to any we had previously occupied and ever had hoped to attain. In founding the British South Africa Company, the shareholders undertook the occupation and development of a considerable extent of valuable territory in South Africa. Thus, because of th

D. The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies

The "objections" that the chairman refers to in the first paragraph can most directly be explained in relation to which of the following arguments commonly made by laissez-faire economists in the period 1750-1900 ? "The fourth annual meeting of the shareholders of the British South Africa Company was held yesterday at the Cannon-street Hotel. The company's chairman, in his opening address, said, 'Twice during the past year we met when fighting with Africans was taking place in the company's territory, when financial arrangements of a complicated character were pending, and when the outlook of the enterprise seemed full of doubt and difficulty. Today, however, we are in a position far superior to any we had previously occupied and ever had hoped to attain. In founding the British South Africa Company, the shareholders undertook the occupation and development of a considerable extent of valuable territor

A. The monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition and hurt consumers.

Which of the following best describes an important difference between Karl Marx's theory of socialist revolution and that of V. I. Lenin?

D. Only Lenin argued that the workers' revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries.

The excerpt above emphasizes which of the following solutions to the exploitation of industrial laborers? "Eight hours' daily labour is enough for any human being, and under proper arrangements sufficient to afford an ample supply of food, raiment and shelter, or the necessaries and comforts of life, and for the remainder of his time, every person is entitled to education, recreation and sleep." Robert Owen, British factory owner and reformer, 1833

D. Sufficient wages for factory workers to live full, comfortable lives

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some governments responded to the growing popularity of ideas such as the ones expressed in the passage by doing which of the following? "Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educat

C. Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers

The views expressed in the passage best illustrate which of the following processes? "Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization

C. The formulation of alternative visions of society in response to the spread of global capitalism

Which of the following best explains the general increase in the living standards of industrial workers between 1800 and 1914 ?

C. The increased supply of inexpensive consumer goods

In the passage above, Zeng Guofan's purpose in listing the policies of the current Qing emperor is most likely to "In the past, at the end of the Han, Tang, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, bands of rebels were innumerable, all because of foolish rulers and misgovernment, so that none of these rebellions could be stamped out. But today [the emperor] is deeply concerned and examines his character in order to reform himself, worships Heaven, and is sympathetic to the people. He has not increased the land tax, nor has he conscripted soldiers from households. . . . It does not require any great wisdom to see that sooner or later the [Taiping] bandits will all be destroyed." Zeng Guofan, Qing dynasty Chinese official, proclamation against the Taiping rebels, 1854

B. mobilize popular support by showing that the Taiping rebellion does not represent a legitimate challenge to Qing rule

Zeng Guofan's analysis of the situation in China in 1854 was likely influenced by which of the following? "In the past, at the end of the Han, Tang, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, bands of rebels were innumerable, all because of foolish rulers and misgovernment, so that none of these rebellions could be stamped out. But today [the emperor] is deeply concerned and examines his character in order to reform himself, worships Heaven, and is sympathetic to the people. He has not increased the land tax, nor has he conscripted soldiers from households. . . . It does not require any great wisdom to see that sooner or later the [Taiping] bandits will all be destroyed." Zeng Guofan, Qing dynasty Chinese official, proclamation against the Taiping rebels, 1854

D. The Confucian notion of the dynastic cycle

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working conditions depicted in Image 2 served as an inspiration for those arguing that Image 1: COAL MINE IN THE ENGLISH MIDLANDS, CIRCA 1750 Image 2: COAL-SIFTING ROOM AT A MINE, WESTERN FRANCE, CIRCA 1850

C. the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations

The ideas expressed in the eighth slogan best reflect which of the following features of communist ideology? "1. Long live the revolutionary Khmer Rouge, utterly wise and clear-sighted and ever glorious! 2. Long live the correct and extremely clear-sighted Communist Party of Cambodia! 3. Down with American imperialists and their supporters! 4. Report everything to the Khmer Rouge! 5. Secretly observe the slightest deeds and gestures of everyone around you! 6. The Khmer Rouge has as many eyes as a pineapple. 7. The Khmer Rouge is the mother and father of all young children, as well as all adolescent boys and girls. 8. Hands off the people's property! Not a single grain of rice, a single chili pepper, a single needle! 9. Better to arrest ten innocent people by mistake than free a single guilty person. 10. He who protests is an enemy; he who opposes is a corpse." Slogans of the Khmer Rouge, the governing communis

A. It claimed that the means of production ought to be collectivized.

Marx's statement in the passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following responses to the development and spread of global capitalism in the nineteenth century? "Nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, raise cattle in the evening, [and] criticize after dinner." Karl Marx, German philosopher, describing his view of life in a communist society, 1846

B. A movement to articulate an alternative vision of society

Members of which of the following groups led opposition to industrialization in both Qing China and the Ottoman Empire?

A. Government officials

Which of the following states in the nineteenth century experienced social tensions resulting from the introduction of foreign cultural influences in a way most similar to that described in the passage? "The essence of education, our traditional national aim, is to promote benevolence, justice, loyalty, filial piety, and knowledge and skill. But recently, people have been going to extremes by embracing a foreign civilization whose only values are fact-gathering and technical-skill. These values bring harm to our customary ways. We try to incorporate the best features of foreigners in order to achieve the lofty goals that the Meiji emperor desires. We have tried to abandon the undesirable practices of the past and learn from the outside world. But these policies have had a serious defect. They have reduced benevolence, justice, loyalty, and filial piety to secondary goals. If we indiscriminately imitate foreign way

A. The Ottoman Empire

Which of the following was the primary Ottoman response to the processes depicted in Map 2 ? Map 1: EXPANSION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1300-1683 Map 2: DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1683-1922

D. Efforts to reform the government despite considerable internal opposition

The ideology reflected in the poster was most directly the result of which of the following developments in the nineteenth century? Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934. Poster text: "Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!" Banners at bottom read: "Long live the invincible party of Lenin!" "Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!"

A. Growing discontent with traditional forms of government led to the development of new political ideas.

The philosophy behind the late-nineteenth-century Chinese policy mentioned above was part of which of the following? "The [Qing] government sponsored a number of projects designed to bolster the navy. The idea was to adopt Western technology but not the values and philosophies that produced it—China would learn from the West, equal it, and then surpass it." Haiwang Yuan, editor, historian, This is China: The First 5,000 Years, 2010

C. The Chinese government's attempt to reform the economy through self-strengthening

A historian interpreting the decree would best understand the purpose of the "new legislation" referred to in the second paragraph as an attempt to "All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necess

D. allow the Ottoman government to compete against industrializing European powers

The decree's references to following the rules of Shari'a would best be interpreted as an attempt to appeal to "All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to intr

C. Sunni religious elites within the Ottoman government who opposed modernization

The decree's statement regarding the change in the situation of the Ottoman Empire, as described in the first paragraph, is a viewpoint that would most likely have been shared by members of which of the following governments in the nineteenth century? "All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. F

B. The Qing Empire in the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties

Which of the following best represents the purpose of Trotsky's statement in the passage above? "The proletariat [working class] grows together with the growth of capitalism. But the day when power goes over into the hands of the proletariat depends immediately not on the level of the productive forces, but on a series of subjective factors: tradition, initiative, readiness for struggle. In a country which is economically more backward, the proletariat can come to power sooner than in an advanced capitalist country." Leon Trotsky, Russian communist leader, article, 1906

A. To argue that Russia is ripe for a socialist revolution, despite being less industrialized than other European countries

Which of the following best explains why Japan was more successful than China in resisting imperialist encroachments in the nineteenth century?

C. The willingness of Japan's elite to sponsor reform

Which of the following groups in late-nineteenth-century Egypt would have been most likely to support the author's ideas expressed in the letter? "I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because, in the past, society was characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power, where victory went to him who was the strongest or the best able to endure hardship, or to him who perpetrated the most atrocities, such as killing people, etc., —in other words, to him who was farthest from women's gentle nature and compassionate heart. By

C. Urban middle classes

The high proportion of women and children among the workers reflected in the table is best seen in the context of the Table: PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835-1867 Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, "Child Labor and the Factory Acts," The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744. The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament.

A. low wages of workers in industrial societies

The data in the table best provide historical context to understand which of the following developments in mid-nineteenth-century Great Britain? Table: PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835-1867 Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, "Child Labor and the Factory Acts," The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744. The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament.

B. The emergence of social reform movements

The labor patterns shown in the table are most directly relevant in understanding which broader process in nineteenth-century Europe? Table: PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835-1867 Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, "Child Labor and the Factory Acts," The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744. The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament.

C. The development of new class identities

Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected European women's lives?

B. Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities.

The gender and age makeup of the workforce shown in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following phenomena in mid-nineteenth-century European society? Image 1: COAL MINE IN THE ENGLISH MIDLANDS, CIRCA 1750 Image 2: COAL-SIFTING ROOM AT A MINE, WESTERN FRANCE, CIRCA 1850

B. Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work.

Which of following best explains a likely reason for the title of the image? Image: THE BLACK COUNTRY, ANONYMOUS ENGRAVING DEPICTING THE ENGLISH TOWN OF OLDBURY, CIRCA 1850

B. The soot pollution, which resulted from the coal industry in the region

Which of the following was a widespread social consequence of industrialization in the 1800s?

D. The creation of a wage-earning working class concentrated in urban areas

Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750-1900 ?

B. Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories.