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'Guid' is often made longer in Scottish English, reflecting a grammatical feature where certain words are modified for past tense usage, such as 'troubled' from 'troubled'.
Many Gaelic words were assimilated into Scottish English, such as 'bog', 'corrie', 'glen', 'pibroch', and 'whisky', while others, like 'bonny' from French 'bon' and 'ashet' from French 'assiette', did not.
By the late Middle Ages, Middle Scots and Middle English had diverged significantly, comparable to the differences between Danish and Swedish today.
The unification of the crowns in 1603 and the relocation of James VI and the Scottish Courts to London led the upper classes to adopt southern English speech norms.
James I's order for the Authorized Version of the Bible to be used in Scotland further spread the influence of southern English standards.
Lowland Scots was kept alive in literature, serving as a cultural touchstone even as educated spoken language shifted towards standard southern English.
Standard Scottish English features a variety of Scots accents, a few grammatical differences, and some regional vocabulary and idiomatic phrases.
Examples include 'brae' (slope, hillside), 'janitor' (caretaker), and 'dreich' (dull), as well as phrases like 'the back of 3 o'clock' (soon after 3 o'clock).
The Anglo-Norman invasion and subsequent rule by Henry II marked the beginning of English involvement in Gaelic-speaking Ireland.
The Tudor monarchs' plantation schemes and support for the Reformation led to significant English settlement and the loss of power for Irish chiefs during Elizabeth I's reign.
The Act of Union in 1803 integrated Ireland into the UK, which had lasting linguistic and cultural consequences, including a decline in Gaelic usage.
The increased use of English among poorer sections of the population contributed to the decline of Gaelic, as English became more dominant in daily life.
Unique features include the use of the -ing ending in certain verbs, such as 'It's belonging to me' (It belongs to me), and Gaelic-influenced word order like 'Is it ready you are?' (Are you ready?).
Distinctive usages include 'but' meaning 'though', 'from' meaning 'since', and 'whenever' meaning 'when', as in 'I bought it whenever I was living in Belfast.'
Following the American Revolution, many loyalists fled to Canada, leading to a significant population increase and the development of Canadian English.
Canadian English shares many features with North American English, including a mixed vocabulary that incorporates both American and British items.
Examples include 'tap' (AE faucet) and 'porridge' (AE oatmeal) alongside 'gas' (BE petrol) and 'billboard' (BE hoarding).
Vehicle names in Canadian English are generally American, such as 'trucks', while British English uses terms like 'lorries'.
Canadian English tends to favor British spelling, although American spelling is becoming more widespread in popular publications.
Identifying features include the pronunciation of the diphthong in words like 'out', which sounds more like 'oat', and the socially preferred British pronunciation of words like 'fortune' and 'news'.
'Eh?' is used as a tag with rising intonation at the end of a sentence, exemplifying a distinctive feature of Canadian English, as in 'So she went into Lincoln, eh?'.