anatomy exam 4 dr rice

Which is an accurate description of the posterior pituitary and its functions?

It is neural tissue, and vesicles containing oxytocin and vasopressin are transported to axon terminals there.

The prosencephalon gives rise to which structures

occipital lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, hypothalamus, thalamus

The rhombencephalon gives rise to which structures

medulla oblangata, pons, cerebellum

An EPSP

is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions.

The fire alarm in your building is sounding off and you are hurriedly collecting your belongings before evacuating. Which portion of the nervous system is dominant?

Sympathetic nervous system

The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic layer?

oral ectoderm

Which of the following describes a 1st order neuron?

Sensory fibers running within the peripheral nervous system.

What blood vessel enters the cranium to supply the brain with fresh, oxygenated blood?

internal carotid artery

You decide to have coffee from the coffee shop this morning. Match the event described with the most appropriate (best matching) region of the cerebrum.

__4__ Reading the menu __5__ Hearing the espresso machine brewing your coffee __2__ Opening the door by pulling with the combined muscle actions of the upper arm __6__ Smelling the aroma of fresh brewed coffee as you walk in __1__ Excitedly waiting for your coffee to be made __7__ Ah - the first sip of coffee is delicious __3__ Feeling the warmth of the cup as you pick it up 1. Prefrontal cortex 2. Primary motor cortex 3. Primary somatosensory cortex 4. Visual cortex 5. Auditory cortex 6. Olfactory cortex 7. Gustatory cortex

Which of the following chemical signals is produced by a cell and results in the regulation of neighboring/adjacent cells

Paracrine

Which of the following would you expect to find within the sympathetic nervous system

Norepinepherine, Effector alpha receptors, Effector beta receptors Post-ganglionic nicotinic receptors Acetylcholine Post-ganglionic beta receptors Post-ganglionic alpha receptors

Which best describes temporal summation?

A synapse is stimulated a second time before the effect of a first stimulus at the synapse has terminated.

Which of the following structures would send information on proprioception to structures within the brain

Spinocerebellar tract

What is the term for a reflex that does not include a CNS component?

short reflex

Endocrine glands ________.

secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream

To synthesize thyroid hormones, iodine is attached to

the amino acid tyrosine.

Which of the following is not a target of a sympathetic preganglionic fiber?

intermural ganglion

Which is the only meningeal layer in direct contact with the structures of the central nervous system

Pia mater

What neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the pupil?

acetylcholine

The rhomboid major and minor muscles are deep to the ________.

trapezius

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from seeing color?

Photoreceptor

Select all of the characteristics you would expect to see in an eccrine sweat gland.

Secretion of products into a duct, Secretion through exocytosis, A duct that connects to the epithelial surface

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by which structure?

Choroid plexus

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

Erythropoietin

Select all of the following which are structures of the central nervous system

Lateral horn Dorsal horn Lateral column Dorsal column Ventral column Ventral horn Gray commissure

The vastus intermedius muscle is deep to which of the following muscles?

rectus femoris

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for processing olfactory information?

Temporal lobe

Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?

thalamus, hypothalamus

You are dissecting a cadaver. You are tracing an individual neuron as it ascends the spinal cord to the brain. You know that this neuron carries somatic sensory information from an afferent presynaptic neuron. Where will you find its axon terminal?

All somatic sensory information that reaches the cerebral cortex is first processed in the thalamus.

Which is a result of elevated thyroid hormone levels?

Increased Na +/K + ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) activity

Which of the following neurotransmitters would you expect to find active in the synapses activated during your study sessions devoted to learning the neurotransmitters?

Glutamate

What region of the spinal cord contains motor neurons that direct the movement of skeletal muscles?

ventralhorn

Excessive alcohol intake can cause difficulty maintaining posture and coordinating body movements. This is likely due to alcohol's effect stimulatory effect on GABA-releasing neurons in the Question options:

cerebellum.

Which region of the adrenal gland produces hormones responsible for regulating glucose metabolism in response to long-term stress

Zona fasciculata

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from a change in temperature?

Thermoreceptor

Nicotine is

a cholinergic agonist.

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for somatosensation?

Postcentral gyrus

What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?

chromaffin cells

Electrical synapses are slower than chemical synapses.

False

Analogs are chemicals which:

Similar chemical structure to neurotransmitter

If the pH of the vitreous humor decreased, the first cells that would be effected are

ganglion cells.

Match the ANS division with the expected activation.

2__ Decreased immune response __1__ Bronchoconstriction __1__ Glucose storage __1__ Activation of the immune system __1__ Specific responses __2__ Bronchodilation __2__ Increased glucose mobilization __2__ Increased metabolism __2__ Generally systemic responses __1__ Decreased metabolism 1. Parasympathetic 2. Sympathetic

Which of the following would NOT be categorized as a "somatic" sensation?

sound

A drug that affects both divisions of the autonomic system is going to bind to, or block, which type of neurotransmitter receptor?

nicotinic

Which of the following is an example of neural stimulation?

Secretion of NE in response to sympathetic activation

What type of receptor requires an effector protein to initiate a signal?

metabotropic receptor

Which structure provides longitudinal stabilization of the spinal cord?

coccygeal ligament

Agonists are chemicals which:

Binds to the same receptors as a neurotransmitter and mimics the effects

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands?

frontal

Select all that apply: Adrenergic systems are characterized as having:

Alpha receptors, Beta receptors, Only metabotropic receptors, Norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter

What term describes hormones that influence the secretion of other hormones?

tropic

If a graded potential on a dendrite results in a 5mV depolarization, the depolarization at the axon hillock of the axon might be less than 5mV.

true

Which structure provides lateral stabilization of the spinal cord?

Denticulate ligament

You are drinking hot chocolate on a cold morning. Which of the following cranial nerves will relay the taste of the chocolate to the thalamus?

Facial

Which of the following is true for the endocrine systems?

Chemical signals travel within the bodily fluids (blood, lymph)

All ionotropic receptors:

Directly allow the movement of ions across the cell membrane

Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________.

active transport

The semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris (long head) all belong to what muscle group?

Hamstrings

Which submodality of taste is sensitive to the pH of saliva?

sour

Which of the following structures serves as the primary regulator of the autonomic system?

Hypothalamus

Electrical synapses can send transmissions in both directions.

True

Which of the following structures would send information for complex muscle movements and unskilled movements

Extrapyramidal tract

Which would most directly decrease the production of aldosterone?

Injecting a drug that blocks the production of angiotensin II

Which of the following structures would send information on crude touch to the thalamus

Spinothalamic tract

Which is one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS?

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Water-soluble hormones are stored within secretory vesicles

true

You have discovered a novel steroid hormone. You'd like to isolate its receptor as part of your next project. Where should you look first?

In the cytoplasm

Which of the following enzymes is important for the metabolism of catecholamines?

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Which of the following is the organ for equilibrium?

Vestibule

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for speech?

Broca's area

When examining an endocrine cell from a new species of mammal under the microscope you find that it contains an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules. Which of the following is most likely to be true about these cells?

It secretes a peptide/protein hormone.

Endorphans belong to which class of neurotransmitters?

Neuropeptides

Which is TRUE about reflexes initiated by muscle spindle activation?

They have a monosynaptic component. They result in activation of extrafusal muscle fibers. The "knee-jerk" reflex is an example.

A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?

neural

Which of the following is NOT stimulated by cortisol during stress?

Glucose uptake into muscle cells

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials must be depolarizing graded potentials.

True

Which muscle produces movement that allows you to cross your legs?

the sartorius

Most amine and peptide hormones circulate in the plasma as free hormones, whereas steroid hormones are mostly bound to circulating binding proteins.

True

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from pain?

Chemoreceptor

Acting alone, epinephrine and thyroid hormone each stimulates release of only a small amount of fatty acids from adipose cells. In the presence of thyroid hormone, epinephrine causes a much more substantial release of fatty acids from the cells. What is the term describing the effect of thyroid hormone on epinephrine's actions?

Permissive

What specialized structure of the arachnoid mater allows cerebrospinal fluid to flow around structures of the central nervous system

Subarachnoid space

Which of the following is a function of the medulla oblongata?

Regulate autonomic function

Which of the following describes the requirement that one hormone must be bound to a receptor on the cell for a second hormone to have an effect on the target cell?

Permissives

The thalamus is the single most important control area for regulating the homeostasis of theinternal environment.

False

You are drinking hot chocolate on a cold morning. Which of the following receptors will detect the temperature of the beverage?

Thermoreceptors

Rods are responsible for light/dark vision

True

Your fingertips are highly sensitive, yet geographically small areas of your body. You expect the area of the somatosensory cortex that receives afferent stimuli from them to be quite small as well.

False

It's final exam time and you're finding yourself extremely stressed out. If we examined your blood, which of the following would we be likely to find?

Increased secretion of corticotropin from the anterior pituitary

Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by action potentials from the autonomic nervous system?

Neural

Which is the best description of the blood brain barrier?

An anatomical and physiological barrier that limits the exposure of CNS structures to the blood.

Stretch reflexes

inhibit antagonistic muscles.

What is the origin of the wrist flexors?

the medial epicondyle of the humerus

Which of the following produces the metabolic hormones of the thyroid gland?

Follicular cells

Sensory information travels in ascending tracts in the spinal cord

true

All indolamines are synthesized from what amino acid?

Tryptophan

What is the largest muscle in the lower leg?

gastrocnemius

Chemical synapses can send transmission in both directions.

False

Efferent is a term that is synonymous with sensory

False

Which of the following is the organ for gustation?

taste bud

Antagonists are chemicals which:

Blocks the receptor site

Which best describes an event that occurs as part of the crossed-extensor reflex?

It stimulates contraction of the contralateral extensor and inhibits contraction of the contralateral flexor.

What structure allows the hypothalamus to connect to the posterior pituitary

Infundibulum

Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?

Coordinate bodily movements to maintain posture

Which of the following is the term for the connective tissue sheath around the entire nerve?

Epineurium

Which of the following is the organ for audition?

Cochlea

Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials must be hyperpolarizing graded potentials.

true

Which primary vesicle of the embryonic nervous system does not differentiate into more vesicles at the secondary stage?

mesencephalon

Which of the following statements regarding the vestibular system is TRUE?

Receptors in the utricle and saccule detect changes in the position of the head with respect to gravity.

In which dural septum would you expect to find the superior sagittal sinus

Falx cerebri

Which of the following structures serves as a relay center for the majority of sensory information?

Thalamus

Themechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones is generally via the stimulation or inhibition of specific DNA-dependent protein synthesis.

True

Opioid drugs, such as morphine, are agonists of the receptors for a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

True

Which of the following kinds of neurons are NOT generally cholinergic?

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

0

A person struggling with a stressful exam question might experience difficulty focusing her eyes on the paper because

activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A sensory modality refers to the specific stimuli/information that a receptor can encode

true

What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus?

ependymal cell

What is the major hormone responsible for mediating the body's general response to stress?

cortisol

The spinal cord passes through which landmark of the vertebral column?

Vertebral foramen

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the endocrine system?

Most of its components are anatomically connected, like most other systems of the body.

What type of reflex can protect the foot when a painful stimulus is sensed?

withdrawal reflex

Select all of the following which are gray matter structures within the spinal cord

Gray commissure, dorsal ventral and lateral horns

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?

GABA

Which is one of the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitters in the CNS?

Glutamate

Which of the following would you expect to find within the parasympathetic nervous system

Acetylcholine Post-ganglionic muscarinic receptors Effector muscarinic receptors

Which of the following is the best description of a nerve?

Bundles of axons within the peripheral nervous system

Afferent is a term that is synonymous with motor

false

Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials must be hyperpolarizing action potentials.

False

Which of the following describes a 3rd order neuron?

Sensory fibers carrying information to the appropriate sensory cortex.

Which of the following statements regarding the determination of stimulus intensity is true?

The frequency of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity.

Which of the following is true regarding the somatic motor division?

Synapses with only skeletal muscle

A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP?

Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.

Drug Z is an agonist for a neurotransmitter receptor. It has a much higher affinity for the receptor and binds four times longer than the endogenous neurotransmitter. If you compare drug Z with the endogenous neurotransmitter, it's likely that drug Z will cause more frequent action potentials than the endogenous ligand.

true

Which components of a general reflex arc are listed in the order information typically flows through them following a stimulus?

Receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector

Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity?

acetylcholine

Which of the following structures would send motor information to skeletal muscle?

ventral horn

What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis?

hypothalamus

Which term best fits the following description: Secretions of one endocrine gland stimulate or inhibit secretions of another endocrine gland which also stimulates or inhibits secretions from a third endocrine gland.

Hormone axis

What is the definition of a prohormone?

A longer protein or peptide that is cleaved into shorter ones, at least one of which is a peptide or protein hormone

Cones are responsible for color vision

true

Which region of the frontal lobe is responsible for initiating movement by directly connecting to cranial and spinal motor neurons?

primary motor cortex

Which of the following structures would send information on discriminative touch to the thalamus

Dorsal column medial meniscal tract

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

kidneys

Water soluble hormones can freely cross the plasma membrane.

False

Which of the following describes opposing/paired feedback loops which attempt balance a physiological variable?

Antagonistic control

Dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of efferent neurons.

False

A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________.

thyroid hormone

Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon?

third ventricle

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.

the activity of osteoclasts

Which are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Which region of the adrenal gland produces hormones responsible for producing androgens

Zona reticularis

If the adrenal glands were removed from a patient, his plasma cortisol levels would __________, secretion of CRH by the __________ would __________, and secretion of ACTH by the __________ would __________.

decrease ; hypothalamus ; increase ; adenohypophysis ; increase

What type of receptor cell is involved in the sensations of sound and balance?

mechanoreceptor

Sensory information is invested with emotional significance in association areas in the frontal lobes and limbic system.

true

Which of the following is the best description of a ganglia?

Collections of neuronal bodies within the peripheral nervous system

Which is a result of an absence of thyroid hormones during fetal development?

Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)

Most of the parasympathetic ganglia lie in chains along the spinal cord called sympathetic trunks.

false

A postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs—from neurons X, Y, and Z. Stimulation of neuron X causes the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize by 0.5 mV. When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously, the postsynaptic neuron depolarizes by 1 mV. When X and Z are stimulated simultaneously,there is no change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. What is most likely true about presynaptic neurons Y and Z?

Y is excitatory and Z is inhibitory.

If an individual was lacking a key amino acid and so couldn't make and release substance P, what would happen?

They would experience a lack of sensation in some pain pathways.

Which of the following is an example of hormonal stimulation?

Secretion of ACTH in response to CRH from the hypothalamus

What is required for neurotransmitters to be released?

Calcium has to enter the axon terminal

Which does NOT apply to hormones?

All hormones arederived from cholesterol.

Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?

all of the above

Which type of fiber could be considered the longest?

preganglionic parasympathetic

Which of the following is not true regarding the autonomic division?

Synapses with all muscle types and glands

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for processing somatosensory information?

Parietal lobe

Dermatomes are _________.

Can be used to determine nerve damage due to cutaneous innervations Maps of somatosensory innervation Regions of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

Which is TRUE regarding the structure and synthesis of hormones?

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.

A patient goes to her doctor, complaining of fatigue, weight gain, and intolerance to cold. She also has a noticeable goiter in her neck. Which of the following is a most likely diagnosis and cause?

She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to low iodine in her diet.

Which is most likely a characteristic of cells that secrete steroid hormones?

They are characterized by abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and few secretory granules.

All catecholamines are synthesized from what amino acid?

Tyrosine

The posterior pituitary produces and secretes Oxytocin and ADH

false

The limbic system is best characterized as:

Brain regions associated with learning, memory, and behavior

Which of the following does NOT result from the binding of nicotine with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?

A mild form of skeletal muscle paralysis that creates a more relaxed state

Your friend is poking your skin with two pins a few millimeters apart at the same time. Visually, you can see there are two pins, but you can only feel a single pen poke. This is probably because:

the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

Cushing's disease is a disorder caused by ________.

abnormally high levels of cortisol

Select all of the characteristics you would expect to see in cells of the adenohypophysis.

Secretion through exocytosis, No duct present Secretion of products into the interstial space Secretions carried within the bodily fluids (blood, lymph)

Cone cells belong to what category of sensory receptors?

FPhotoreceptors

The receptors for hearing are found on the

basilar membrane.

Which is not a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

Redistributing neurotransmitters

What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors?

adrenal medulla

Generally speaking, all nicotinic receptors illicit an excitatory response on the postsynaptic neuron

true

A precursor of cortisol is cholesterol.

true

Which muscle abducts and medially rotates the femur?

gluteus medius

The concentration of a hormone in the blood can affect the number of receptors for that hormone on or in a target cell.

true

"Dual innervation of effectors" refers to the innervation of the same effector organs by somatic and autonomic nerves.

false

Thyroid hormones exert a permissive effect on the actions of epinephrine.

true

What level of the brain stem is the major input to the cerebellum?

pons

The phenomenon known as referred pain:

is the projected perception of pain as a sensation being experienced at a site other than that of the actual injured or diseased tissue.

The mesencephalon gives rise to which structures

Cerebral peduncle, Corpora quadrigemina

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for planning the movement of skeletal muscle?

Premotor cortex

The relative refractory period of an excitable membrane refers to the period of time during which no stimulus, however strong, will elicit a second action potential in the membrane.

false

The greatest concentration of cones is in the fovea centralis of the retina.

true

Which of the following describes the increasing effect hormones might have when they bind in combination on a target cell?

Synergists

Which of the following statements regarding hearing is TRUE?

The loudness of a sound is conveyed by the frequency of action potentials generated in the cochlear nerve.

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.

paracrine

You are drinking hot chocolate on a cold morning. Which of the following receptors will detect the sweetness of the beverage?

Chemoreceptors

Which of the following structures serves as the primary regulator of the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus

You're studying long-term stress in foster children. One thing you find is that, among the children experiencing the most significant stress for the longest period of time is decreases in __________.

bone and muscle density

Which location on the body has the largest region of somatosensory cortex representing it, according to the sensory homunculus?

lips

All metabotropic receptors:

Generate metabolic changes in the cell

Which of the following statements about oxytocin is TRUE?

Oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus.

What type of receptor cell is responsible for transducing pain stimuli?

nociceptor

Generally speaking, serotonin is excitatory in sensory pathways

False

Which extrapyramidal tract incorporates equilibrium sensations with motor commands to aid in posture and movement?

vestibulospinal tract

Which of the following describes a cycle which attempts to reverse a change in a variable to restore homeostasis?

Negative feedback

Inside a neuron, calcium binding sites are likely found on

proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

Stimuli for the secretion of hormones include changes in plasma concentrations of ions, nutrients, and other hormones.

true

In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.

decreased basal metabolic rate

Cholinergic systems are characterized as having:

Acetylcholinesterase Nicotinic receptors Muscarinic receptors Acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

When you eat a spicy pepper, such as a jalepeño, why do you perceive heat in your mouth?

A chemical within the jalepeño acts as a stimulus for thermoreceptors.

Which of the following is the term for the connective tissue sheath around individual axons?

Endoneurium

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

Occipital lobe

Select all of the following which are structures of the peripheral nervous system

Dorsal root ganglion, Dorsal root Ventral root

Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve?

retinal ganglion cells

The gonads produce what class of hormones?

steroid hormones

Generally speaking, all nicotinic receptors illicit an excitatory response on the presynaptic neuron

false

The large muscle group that attaches the leg to the pelvic girdle and produces extension of the hip joint is the ________ group.

gluteal

Water soluble hormones must bind to a receptor on the cell surface to have an effect.

true

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

TSH

You have a patient complaining of fatigue and lethargy. She mentions that she recently went on a low-salt, all carbohydrate diet and consumes mostly rice. You notice a swelling in her neck. You order some blood work. Which of the following do you expect?

Low plasma concentration of thyroid hormones

Spinal nerve plexuses are formed by fusions from the dorsal and ventral rami

false

You have discovered a novel hormone. Early experiments have shown that it is quite hydrophobic. Which of the following is likely to also be TRUE of these hormones?

Their mechanism of action generally involves altering protein synthesis.

Which of the following structures would send information for voluntary motor movement used in skilled motions

Pyramidal tract

The development of a goiter indicates that ________.

there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles

In __________ cells, invaginations of the external plasma membrane and proteins found there allow us to detect different colors of light.

cone

Which of the following is the organ for olfaction?

Nose

From which of the following landmarks do spinal nerves travel within?

Intervertebral foramen

The activity of acetylcholinesterase is an example of:

Neurotransmitter degradation by an enzyme

Which muscles stabilize the pectoral girdle?

axial and scapular

What is a main difference between the modes of action of peptide hormones and steroid hormones?

Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, whereas steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors.

Which of the following structures would receive sensory information from the dorsal root

Dorsal horn

How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated?

+15 mV

A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that causes a negative ion to enter the cell. What type of graded potential is this?

hyperpolarizing

Spinal nerves exit from which landmark of the vertebral column?

Intervertebral foramen

A genetic mutation that results in faulty SNARE receptor protein complexes would have only very mild effects on the nervous system.

False

Which of the following is the organ for vision?

Eye

Lipid soluble hormones can freely cross the plasma membrane.

true

In what category of sensory receptors are the receptor cells in taste buds?

Chemoreceptors

Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by changes in body fluid composition, such as ion concentration?

Humoral

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine

Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS?

dura mater

Which of the following senses does not synapse with the thalamus

Olfaction

Which of the following is an example of humoral stimulation?

Secretion of PTH in response to low blood calcium

Nicotinic receptors are expressed on skeletal muscle cells. Which of the following would likely be a side-effect of the use of nicotine, an agonist for those receptors?

Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

What central fiber tract connects forebrain and brain stem structures with the hypothalamus?

medial forebrain bundle

The greater the magnitude of the receptor potential generated by a stimulus, the greater the amplitude of the action potentials the receptor potential induces.

false

Because all parts of a neuronal cell body have the same threshold, no one synapse on the cell is more important than any other.

false

Deficiency of iodine in the diet results in __________ caused by __________.

a goiter ; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

Which of these locations in the forebrain is the master control center for homeostasis through the autonomic and endocrine systems?

hypothalamus

Which kind of drug would have anti-anxiety effects?

α-blocker

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from vibration?

Mechanoreceptor

Which region of gray matter in the spinal cord contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles?

ventral horn

Which of the following hormones is NOT usually secreted at higher levels in response to stress?

Gonadotropins

Which of the following structures would send motor information to glands?

Lateral horn

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for processing motor information?

Frontal lobe

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from stretch?

Mechanoreceptor

Which of the following hormones is produced by the hypothalamus?

Oxytocin

The absolute refractory period of an excitable membrane roughly corresponds to the period when sodium channels are opening and inactivated.

true

A deficiency in dietary iodine can cause

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following chemical signals is produced by a cell and results in the regulation of that same cell

Autocrine

What category of receptors do Pacinian corpuscles belong to?

Mechanoreceptors

Which of the following nerves would relay information about chemoreception?

I, VII, IX, X

What term describes hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland?

Hypophysiotropic hormones

What is the name for a bundle of axons within a nerve?

fascicle

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.

TSH from the anterior pituitary

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that is composed of nerve fibers that innervate skeletal muscle is called the

somatic motor nervous system.

The anterior pituitary is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus released into the hypophyseal portal system

TRUE

Which is incorrect for Flexion and Crossed Extensor Reflexes

Noxious/painful stimuli must be received from both limbs results in both excitatory and inhibitory signals on both sides of the spinal cord

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for processing auditory information?

Temporal lobe

The preganglionic neuron begins in the central nervous system for all autonomic functions

True

The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of ________.

nerve axons

Which of the following structures can be classified as presynaptic?

Neurons

Which of the following is true for both the nervous and endocrine systems?

Target cells must have a receptor for the specific chemical signal for the chemical signal to have an effect

Where in the body would you expect to find Neurosecretory/Neuroendocrine cells?

Hypothalamus

Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response?

increased stomach motility

Select all of the following which are white matter structures within the spinal cord

ventral dorsal and lateral column

Cones are responsible for light/dark vision

false

Which of the following structures can be classified as postsynaptic?

Neurons Glands Skeletal muscles

GABA is a neurotransmitter which generally has inhibitory activity.

true

Which of the following responses is not part of the fight-or-flight response?

reduced mental activity

reduced mental activity

chemoreceptor

Which muscle extends the forearm?

triceps brachii

Which region of the adrenal gland produces hormones responsible for regulating mineral balance (such as sodium)

Zona glomerulosa

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is arranged so that it acts largely as a unit, whereas the components of the parasympathetic division generally act as discrete,independent components.

true

The dura mater surrounds the structures of the central nervous system and is anchored to bone throughout.

false

From which meningeal layer would you attempt to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid circulating around the spinal cord?

Arachnoid mater

Receptors transduce ___________ into a _________ potential which can then cause an ___________ potential which travels through the ________ order neuron.

stimuli ; graded ; action ; first

The primary function of thyrotropin is to stimulate secretion of thyroid hormones.

true

What type of cellular junctions would you expect to find in electrical synapses?

gap junctions

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for initiating the movement of skeletal muscle?

Precentral gyrus

What is the name for the topographical representation of the sensory input to the somatosensory cortex?

homunculus

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Preganglionic neurons tend to be long, with the ganglion located in or near the effector target tissue(s).

Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by hormones released from other organs?

Hormonal

Which of the following is not a muscle of the rotator cuff

Teres major

Generally speaking, serotonin is excitatory in motor pathways

false

Which of the following describes a self-amplifying cycle?

Postive feedback

What specialized structure of the arachnoid mater allows cerebrospinal fluid to return to venous blood supply?

Arachnoid granulations

Postganglionic neuron cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system have which category of neurotransmitter receptor?

Nicotinicacetylcholine receptors

Motor information travels in descending tracts in the spinal cord

true

Steroid hormones are stored in the cells that synthesize them until a stimulus is received that provokes their secretion.

false

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials must be depolarizing action potentials.

false

Which of the following describes a 2nd order neuron?

Sensory fibers ascending the spinal cord.

Which of the following structures would you expect to house neurons that control the rate and depth of breathing?

pons

Which of the following ions is required to make thyroid metabolic hormones?

iodine