Master this deck with 85 terms through effective study methods.
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- Scientific study of the body's structures - Some are very small structures and can only be observed through a microscope
- Study of the larger structures of the body, visible at the naked eye - With our naked eye, we can see external and internal structures - For ex: the brain (internal structure)
- The study of structures that can only be seen with a microscope - It can deal with the SAME structure, but at a different scale - For ex: neuron cells that make up the brain
- The study of 2 or more things related to each other (interrelationship) located in a specific body region - The examination of specific external and internal REGIONS (head, chest, abdomen) - For ex: muscles, nerves and blood vessels work together to provide a specific function
- The study of structures that make up a specific body system and work together to perform a unique body function. - The examination of DIFFERENT SYSTEMS of the body - With this approach, you get to see the relationship between the organs that belong to the same body system
The study of the muscular system would require the understanding of all the skeletal muscles of the body
- Macroscopic/gross anatomy - Microscopic anatomy - Microscopic anatomy includes cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)
- Regional anatomy (ex: abdomen) - Systemic anatomy (ex: muscular system)
- They all focus on the study of the body's structures and how they all work together
- Deals with the FUNCTIONS that keeps the body alive and to remain at homeostasis
- Ability to maintain internal stability in an organism in response to environmental changes - = maintaining the physiological state
- Listed from smallest to largest - Subatomic particles - Atoms - Molecules - Organelles - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ system - Organism - Biosphere
- Made up of protons, neutrons and electrons
- Made up of the subatomic particles
- Two or more atoms combine (for ex: water molecules). They are the chemical building blocks of all body structures.
- Tiny functioning units that are part of the cytoplasm
- Smallest unit of a living organism
- Group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
- Made up of 2 or more tissues. Each organ performs 1 or more functions.
- Group of organs that work together to perform major functions and meet the physiological needs of the body
- Living beings that have a cellular structure capable of performing functions necessary for life
- Ecosystem composed of living things
- The chemical levels of organization are: subatomic particles, atoms and molecules. - The human body's level of organization are: organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system= make up an organism (human being).
1) - Organization--> organization and hierarchy of cells and tissues 2) - Metabolism--> internal chemical reactions, catabolism/anabolism, generates wastes 3) - Responsiveness--> sense and react to stimuli 4) - Movement--> at all levels of organization 5) - Development and growth--> change in form or function 6) - Reproduction--> formation of a new organism
- It is the increase in body size. Humans, grow by increasing the number of existing cells (# of cells in human body is equal to 10^13), increasing the amount of deposit and increasing the size of existing cells. - = number, deposit, and size of existing cells - Fun fact: there is more bacteria than human cells
1) - Element 2) - Electrons 3) - Neutrons
1) - Tissues 2) - Tissues 3) - Organs
1) - Organs
- Organs include: hair, skin and nails - Function: 1) encloses internal body structures 2) it is a site of many sensory receptors
- Organs include: skeletal muscles and tendons - Function: 1) Enables movement (with skeletal system) 2) Helps maintain body temperature
- Organs include: cartilage, bones and joints - Function: 1) Supports the body 2) Enables movement (with muscular system)
- Organs include: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands and testes - Function: 1) Secretes hormones 2) Regulates bodily processes
- Organs include: brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves - Function: 1) Detects and processes sensory information 2) Activates bodily responses
- Organs include: heart, blood vessels - Function: 1) Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues 2) Equalizes temperature in the body
- Organs include: thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels - Function: 1) Returns fluid to the blood 2) Defends against pathogens
- Organs include: nasal passage, trachea, lungs - Function: 1) Removes carbon dioxide from the body 2) Delivers oxygen to the blood
- Organs include: stomach, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, small intestine - Function: 1) Processes food for use by the body 2) Removes wastes from undigested food
- Organs include: kidneys, urinary bladder - Function: 1) Controls water balance in the body 2) Removes wastes from blood and excretes them
- Organs include: epididymis, testes - Function: 1) Produces sex hormones and gametes 2) Delivers gametes to female
- Organs include: mammary glands, ovaries, uterus - Function: 1) Produces sex hormones and gametes 2) Supports embryo/fetus until birth 3) Produces milk for infant
- States that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only change form
- To consume energy and molecules in the food we eat, convert some of it into fuel for movement, help our body functions and build/maintain our body structures.
- Anabolism - Catabolism
- It is the process in which smaller molecules are COMBINED into larger substances. Our body is capable of building reactions by consuming energy from the foods we eat.
- It is the process in which larger molecules are BROKEN DOWN into smaller molecules. When the breaking of materials happen, energy is released.
- ATP !!! (adenosine triphosphate)
1) - Oxygen: Key component that keeps the body alive and it is needed to produce ATP. It is also the final electron carrier 2) Carbon Dioxide: We breath in O2 and release CO2 (waste gas).
- Every cell uses ATP to store and release energy. The cell stores energy in the process of anabolism, then moves the ATP molecules to the location where energy is needed, in order to fuel cellular activities. Then, the ATP is broken down (catabolism) and energy is released, which is used by the cell to perform a specific job.
- Electrons are being passed and a proton is being placed in the mitochondria. Protons flow and a proton gradient is made by passing the electron. The last electron will go to the oxygen, and as a result, water will be made.
1) - Water 2) - Macronutrients 3) - Micronutrients
- Humans are made up of 70-75% water
- Energy yielding (ex: carbohydrates and lipids) - Body building nutrients (ex: proteins)
- The lipids!!!
- Vitamins and minerals
- 37 degree Celcius or 98.6 degree Faranheit - Depending on the heat, if its too high or too low the enzymes in our body can denature, which will change the shape and function.
- When your body reaches an abnormally low body temperature
- Often used during an open heart surgery as it decreases the metabolic needs of the brain, heart, and other organs. As a result, this reduces the risk of damage to those organs. - When controlled hypothermia is used, the patient is given medication to prevent shivering.
- The body will eventually cool down, the heart is stopped and the heart-lung pump is used to maintain circulation to the patient's body. The heart is cooled further and is maintained at 60 degree F for the rest of the surgery. - This very cold temperature helps the heart tolerate its lack of blood supply during the surgery.
- Pressure helps blood gas stay dissolved. - Atmospheric pressure can also help with our ability to breath--> to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
- This occurs when pressure is reduced. When this happens, less gas will remain dissolved.
- In a carbonated drink, when the seal is removed, the pressure of the gas over the liquid is reduced. This results in bubbles as dissolved gasses (in this case, CO2) to come out of the solution in the liquid.
- It is the process of adjustment that the respiratory system makes due to high altitudes
- It is the process by which individuals become fitted to its environment
- REVERSES a change from the set point
- Body temperature - Blood pressure - Shivering: The new change has to be reversed as well as bring the body system back to normal. - Eating spicy foods: When spicy foods are being eaten, the body sweats and then cools down. It eventually brings it back to a set point --> reverses.
- Very unusual - INTENSIFIES a change in the body's physiological condition rather than reversing it, until the set point is reached. - This process is problematic as it makes something BIGGER and BIGGER. As a result, the body can overreact. - In this case, when the body shivers, the temperature will go lower and lower (this doesn't happen in this loop because that could be a huge problem).
- Childbirth - Increased clotting during blood loss
- Contraction of the uterus during childbirth causes the release of oxytocin, which stimulates stronger contractions of the uterus, causing more oxytocin release.
- Increased blood clotting is a huge problem because no baby would come out. When the bleeding is stopped, the original stimulus will no longer be there.
- In this case, the original stimulus were the platelets, which are used to stop the bleeding. During an injury, your platelets will cluster together at the site of the wound to act as a plug, sealing the blood vessels in a process called clotting to prevent excess blood from leaving your body.
- Using anatomical position as a standard "body map" and precise anatomical terminology= reduces medical errors
- when you point out to an EXACT location of pain
- Prone= face DOWN lying DOWN - Supine= face UP lying DOWN - Anterior (ventral) = front - Posterior (dorsal) = back - Superior= always found cranially, towards the head or crown - Inferior= always goes caudal or downward towards the toes. - Medial= towards the middle of the body - Lateral= away from the middle of the body - Proximal= closer to the trunk. They are the points we locate close to where they originate= near the torso. - Distal= farther from the trunk - Superficial= points we see close to the surface, more external (ex: skin) - Deep= goes inward, they are away from the surface, deeper inside. (ex: brain)
- The sagittal plane divides right and left sides--> it is a vertical plane. - if it is EVEN, it would be called midsagittal or median plane - if it is UNEQUAL, it would be called parasagittal plane (or longitudinal section) --> located within the left or right side of the median. - Parasagittal plane is the cutting from the side - The frontal plane (coronal) divides into front and rear - The transverse (or horizontal) plane divides into upper and lower portions (cross sections)
- This describes: midsagittal
- The largest cavities are the thoracic (enclosed by the rib cage), abdominopelvic (largest cavity AKA peritoneal cavity) and cranial (enclosed by skull) cavities.
* Look back at notes and DRAW it out
- Serous membrane lines the pericardial cavity and reflects back to cover the heart. This is similar to the same way that an under inflated balloon would form two layers surrounding a fist
- Wilhelm Rontgen
- One x-ray after another--> very detailed image
- Bunch of x rays throughout --> creates a 3D image - Reveals very small details, bones and soft tissue can show tumor. - More radiation, but more of a detailed picture
- Uses radio waves, a powerful magnet, and a computer to make series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. - Radiopharmaceutical ingested with short radioactive half life - Discovered tumors
- Uses a tracer to show both normal and abnormal metabolic activity. - You can see lots of activity here!!!
- Sound waves - Deals with the fetal growth and development - Least invasive
- Combines a PET scan and an MRI scan = detailed image