Master this deck with 21 terms through effective study methods.
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Pepsin is an enzyme that chemically digests proteins into amino acids in the stomach.
Physical digestion in the stomach occurs through waves of stomach contractions known as peristalsis, which mix and move food, turning it into a thick liquid called chyme.
Chyme is a thick liquid made of partially digested food and stomach juices, formed in the stomach during the digestion process.
The small intestine is over 6.5 meters long, which allows for a large surface area for nutrient absorption.
In the duodenum, which is the first 10 cm of the small intestine, pancreatic juices neutralize acidic chyme, digestion is completed, and bile from the liver emulsifies fats.
Bile is produced by the liver and functions to emulsify fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets for easier digestion.
The pancreas secretes various enzymes that complete the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the small intestine.
Nutrients such as fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids, and glucose are absorbed into the bloodstream through structures called villi, which increase the surface area of the small intestine.
Common health issues of the circulatory system include high blood pressure, heart attacks, and strokes.
Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of all cells, where oxygen is used to break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water, providing energy in the form of ATP.
The summary equation for cellular respiration is: Glucose + H2O + O2 → CO2 + heat + ATP energy.
At rest, the body takes in and breathes out about 10 liters of air each minute; the right lung is slightly larger than the left; the highest recorded sneeze speed is 165 km/h; the surface area of the lungs is roughly the size of a tennis court; and capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600 kilometers if placed end to end.
Osteoporosis leads to the loss of bone tissue, making bones weak and more susceptible to fractures, particularly in older adults.
Osteoporosis can be prevented through calcium supplements, regular exercise, and limiting the use of alcohol and tobacco.
Cellular respiration is the process of converting glucose into ATP energy using oxygen, while gaseous exchange refers to the diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and tissues.
Ventilation, or breathing, involves inhalation and exhalation, facilitating the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs.
The respiratory system includes the mouth and nose for air intake, the trachea as the main airway to the lungs, and the lungs themselves for gaseous exchange.
The lungs facilitate gaseous exchange by maintaining a constant gradient that drives the diffusion of gases, allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be expelled.
Villi are small, finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.
The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver until it is needed for the digestion of fats.
During a heart attack, blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, leading to damage or death of heart muscle tissue due to lack of oxygen.