Master this deck with 20 terms through effective study methods.
Generated from uploaded pdf
Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the absence of apolipoprotein B, leading to severe fat malabsorption and liver failure. It is often misrepresented in resources as a high-yield association, but the USMLE focuses on its link to liver failure.
Heat stroke is characterized by end-organ damage due to hyperthermia (body temperature >104 F), presenting with abnormal liver and/or renal function tests. In contrast, heat exhaustion involves mere fatigue without end-organ damage.
An elderly woman found in her house during summer with a body temperature of 106 F and acanthocytes on a blood smear suggests heat stroke leading to liver failure.
Acanthocytes can be present in patients with hepatitis C, although they are not critical for diagnosis. Their mention in exam questions may indicate underlying liver pathology.
G6PD deficiency is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner, making it more common in males.
The most common cause of hemolysis due to an enzyme deficiency is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.
Thromboxane A2 promotes platelet clumping; a decrease in thromboxane A2 leads to reduced platelet aggregation.
For atrial fibrillation patients with a CHADS2 score of 0 or 1, aspirin is recommended. For those with a score of 2 or higher, warfarin is indicated.
The triad of treatment includes anti-platelet therapy (aspirin), statin therapy, and either an ACE inhibitor or an ARB.
For ischemic strokes occurring within 4.5 hours, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the recommended treatment.
Aspirin can cause gastrointestinal bleeding due to its inhibition of prostaglandins, which protect the gastric mucosal barrier.
If a patient has hemolytic disease and a blood smear shows ring forms, the diagnosis is Babesia, especially if the patient has not traveled outside the United States.
A patient diagnosed with malaria will typically show schizont forms on a blood smear.
HbC is a type of hemoglobin disorder where glutamic acid is replaced by lysine. Lysine is positively charged, causing it to migrate less far on hemoglobin electrophoresis compared to other variants.
Factors that shift the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to the right include increased temperature, increased CO2, increased H+ (acidity), decreased HCO3-, and increased 2,3-BPG.
A rightward shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve indicates increased unloading of oxygen at the tissues.
The initial presentation of a sickle cell crisis in children often includes abdominal pain, which can be mistaken for appendicitis.
Sickle cell disease is diagnosed through a blood smear followed by hemoglobin electrophoresis to detect the presence of hemoglobin S.
The molecular basis for sickling in sickle cell disease is a gain of stabilizing hydrophobic interactions in the deoxygenated form of hemoglobin S, due to the substitution of valine for glutamic acid.
Sickling is exacerbated by dehydration and increased acidity, which promote the sickling process.