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drugs that act on bacteria
effective on some GP bacteria and some GN bacteria
effective on either some GP bacteria or some GN bacteria
kills bacteria
1. inhibits replication of bacteria 2. relies on host's immune system to clear up existing bacteria
1. inhibit cell wall synthesis 2. alter cell wall permeability 3. inhibit protein synthesis 4. inhibit nucleic acid synthesis 5. interfere with a metabolic pathway
1. bacteriocidal ab 2. (ex) Penicillin
1. bacteriocidal ab 2. (ex) Polymyxins (ab ointments)
1. bacteriostatic ab 2. (ex) Tetracycline
1. bacteriostatic ab 2. (ex) Metronidazole (Flagyl)
1. bacteriocidal ab 2. bacteriostatic ab 3. (ex) sulfonamides
1. microbiological 2. drug 3. host
1. infection is well established 2. walled off abscesses/abscesses with poor drainage 3. FBs mistaken for infections 4. neoplasias mistaken for infections 5. bacteria is resistant to drug 6. bacteria was ID'd incorrectly 7. mixed infections
1. wrong spectrum for existing infection 2. incorrect dosage 3. incorrect administration 4. tx is not long enough 5. poor bioavailability (food in stomach, pH) 6. drug incompatibilities
1. elimination of competing NF with a secondary infection 2. immunosuppression (important if using a b-static ab)
does work
does not work
1. natural resistance 2. acquired resistance
dependent on the bacteria and the spectrum of ab
repeated exposure of bacteria to an ab over time can cause the bacteria to genetically mutate to survive
1. production of an enzyme that inactivates or destroys ab 2. change cell permeability so the drug cannot penetrate 3. modify site of ab attachment 4. develop alternate metabolic pathways
1. use narrow spectrum abs 2. use b-cidal drugs 3. abs only used for bacterial infections 4. correct dosage and duration 5. C&S testing (culture and sensitivity)
1. Kirby Bauer (disc diffusion) 2. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
1. determines what abs will work 2. qualitative 3. Mueller-Hinton agar 4. must have a pure culture 5. measure diameter of zone of inhibition in millimeters
1. determines minimum dose of ab that will work on the pathogen 2. quantitative 3. Mueller-Hinton broth
1. inoculate MH broth with different amounts of bacteria (serial dilutions) then incubate for 24hrs 2. clear tubes = no growth 3. cloudy tubes = growth 4. MIC is the lowest concentration of ab without growth in tube
1. not in the family Enterobacteriaceae 2. oxidase + 3. Bruce Boards Francis at Camp in a Pasture during PM
1. Brucella 2. Bordetella 3. Franciscella 4. Camplyobacter 5. Pasteurella 6. Pseudomonas 7. Moraxella
1. small NE GNROD 2. aerobic to microaerophilic 3. 5-7 days to grow 4. can remain viable for up to 4 months in urine, milk, damp soil, placenta, or aborted fetuses 5. can live intracellular 6. survives and multiplies INSIDE of phagocytes 7. affinity for repro tract tissue invasion
dogs
Brucellosis
dogs
contact with infected vaginal secretions, urine, nursing, and breeding
1. abortions in the last trimester 2. prostatitis 3. epididymus 4. testicular atrophy
serology
1. no reliable tx 2. euthanasia encouraged 3. tx entails long term abs and a spay/neuter
1. dz screening by breeders 2. no immunization for dogs 3. very low risk to humans 4. reportable to the state vet
occurs in nature
Bangs dz
Undulant fever
Brucellosis
1. cattle 2. bison 3. swine 4. elk 5. moose 6. antelope 7. humans
1. ingestion (most important) 2. infected uterine/vaginal secretions 3. infected urine/semen from males 4. aborted fetus/placenta 5. via breeding/artificial insemination
1. bacteria goes to repro tract tissue 2. abortion storms 3. mastitis (transmitted in infected milk) 4. testicular abnormalities/prostatitis 5. infertility/conception failures
1. can be cultured 2. serology 3. Brucellosis tests done when at breeding age
1. no tx 2. animals will be slaughtered
1. most states will have a strict eradication program in place 2. Brucellosis free states are CO, WY, and MT (excluding Yellow Stone NP)
1. RB51 immunization for females 4-12 months of age 2. males do not receive immunization as it causes infertility 3. ear tattoo and AD tagged with orange tag
1. serologies annually 2. silver/white ear tag varifying negative test
1. Brucellosis in humans 2. difficult to fully treat 3. can get if not careful during administration of live bacterin
1. affects swine 2. similar to abortus 3. testing is only control 4. no immunization available
1. affects sheep 2. similar to abortus 3. affects rams more than ewes 4. severe orchitis, epididymitis, and impaired fertility 5. immunize and test males, not females
1. affects sheep, goats, camels, and llamas 2. increasing cases in Texas 3. human cases reported more in lab workers
pili to attach to MM of resp. tract
Upper respiratory tract of dogs, cats, swine, and many other animals
Infectious tracheobronchitis
1. kennel cough 2. Canine Infectious Respiratory Complex (CIRD)
Atrophic rhinitis
1. dogs 2. cats 3. swine 4. lab animals 5. wildlife
inhalation of extremely contagious aerosols
1. rarely causes dz by itself 2. usually underlying viral component involved 3. destroys ciliated epithelium leading to dry hacking 4. non-productive cough that tends to occur with tracheal manipulation
URI
1. Atrophic rhinitis in pigs less than 6 months old 2. destroys nasal turbinates (very disfiguring) 3. no tx, will be euthanized
easy to culture but usually diagnosed based on symptoms
abs
1. IN bacterin and SQ Vx available for dogs 2. new bacterin available for cats 3. immunize pregnant sows to increase colostral abs
1. NE GNROD 2. becoming ab resistant 3. NF in oral cavity and respiratory tract in spp 4. oxidase + 5. NLF
NF of nasopharynx in cattle
1. Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (BRDS) 2. "Shipping fever"
cattle; more commonly calves
inhalation
1. rarely causes dz by itself, usually have 3 predisposing factors 2. **presence of respiratory virus** 3. presence of Mannheimia bacteria 4. stress
can grow in lab, but usually diagnosed clinically
abs
1. Vx for respiratory viruses 2. decrease stress 3. Mannheimia bacterin available
NF of nasopharynx and oral cavity in spp
1. Snuffles in rabbits 2. Avian cholera in birds 3. URI and bite wound abscesses in dogs & cats 4. septicemia in humans
1. rabbits 2. birds 3. dogs 4. cats 5. humans
1. inhalation 2. wounds
1. sneezing; nasal discharge 2. conjunctivitis; ocular discharge 3. abscesses; pus is like cream cheese 4. inappetence 5. otitis 6. CNS symptoms
1. nasal ocular discharge (secretion from beak) 2. diarrhea 3. highly fatal
1. otitis 2. **bite wound abscesses**(esp. cats)**(most common)** 3. cat bite --> infection develops in 12hrs 4. dog bite --> infection develops in 24hrs
1. bite wounds 2. swollen LNs 3. red lines up arm (bacteremia)
can culture, usually based on clinical symptoms
1. abs, but difficult due to resistance 2. can be fatal if not treated asap
1. remove rabbits that carry the organism 2. try not to get bit
1. NE GN coccobacillus 2. very small rods 3. NLF
NF on conjunctiva and nasopharynx in cattle
1. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) 2. "Pink eye"
cattle
damage of ocular MMs
1. more common in white-faced cattle 2. solar radiation predisposes and causes cell & tissue damage 3. outbreaks when animals graze in tall grass 4. increased in dry, dusty conditions 5. flies 6. severe inflammation 7. zoonotic
diagnosed clinically
1. abs 2. eye patch
1. prevent damage to eyes 2. bacterin available
rodents, lagomorphs, other wildlife
1. Tularemia 2. "Rabbit fever"
1. dogs 2. cats 3. humans 4. rabbits
1. vector (usually ticks) 2. handling infected animals 3. ingestion of rabbit meat 4. inhalation of aerosolized rabbit blood 5. 70% of human cases are due to contact with cotton tail rabbit in the US
1. bacteria and infection is very similar to bubonic plague 2. large LNs 3. high fever 4. anorexia 5. fatigue
serology
abs
1. months without the letter "R" are the months with the highest transmission incidents 2. around 100 humans cases reported annually
1. NE GNROD 2. oxidase + 3. colony morph. is irregular in shape, flat, globulous, melty, with grayish sheen and smells like corn tortillas 4. ubiquitous 5. thrives and survives in unsanitary, warm, moist environments 6. nosocomial infections 7. in human med, it is the worst problem in burns units
all
opportunistic pathogen
1. abortions and repro problems in horses 2. abortions and mastitis in cattle 3. dermatitis, cystitis, otitis in dogs and cats 4. infects wounds, surgical incisions, and burns 5. **characteristic blue/green pus**
1. easy to grow 2. colony morph. 3. characteristic bright green color on Mueller-Hinton agar
resistant to a lot of abs
1. GNRODs slightly curved 2. flying seagulls 3. VERY MOTILE 4. microaerophilic - anaerobic; picky bacteria 5. rapid darting movement
Vibriosis
1. cattle 2. sheep
breeding
abortions and infertility
preputial washing in males, samples sent to lab in Campy Enriched Transport Media (CETM)
cull positives
1. new bull screening 2. use virgin bulls 3. bacterin available for cows and heifers 4. can test vaginal mucus with ELISA 5. can do vaginal mucus agglutination test (VMAT)
1. Wet tail in hamsters 2. Winter dysentery in cattle and sheep 3. enteritis
all
ingestion
1. stinky infection, severe enteritis, fatal dehydration in hamsters 2. severe scours in cattle and sheep 3. becoming the leading cause of enteritis/D+ in people, dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, chickens, turkeys, and ferrets
fecal wet mount (feces and saline with a cover slip)
1. spiral shaped bacteria 2. special cytology stains; they do not Gram stain well 3. serology is best to dx 4. very hard to see under light microscope 5. GNROD
1. cause of "swine dysentery" 2. dz name is Bovine interdigital dermatitis; one of most common foot diseases in dairy cattle 3. common names are "hairy foot warts" and "heel warts" 4. more than 80 strains 5. cause of syphilis in humans 6. cause of "rabbit venereal dz" 7. spiral GNROD
1. spiral GNROD 2. Leptospirosis in animals 3. Wiel's dz in humans; fever jaundice, nephritis 4. bacteria is shed in urine of infected animals 5. 13 species/strains 6. immunization is constantly changing
1. spiral GNROD 2. most common cause of lepto in dogs, cattle, horses, pigs 3. more common in the South and Hawaii 4. causes liver and kidney damage 5. infections have been found in rats
1. eye infections (moon blindness) and abortions in horses 2. abortions and infertility in cattle 3. abortions in pigs 4. dogs can get from direct contact with infection urine/venereal, placental transfer, bite wounds, ingestion of contaminated meat (rats are common) 5. immunization for dogs, cattle, horses, and swine
1. canicola 2. icterohaemorrhagiae 3. pomona 4. grippotyphosa
1. direct exam of urine 2. serology or PCR
1. Lyme dz in humans**, dogs**, horses, cattle, and cats 2. endemic in Northeastern US, midwest, and Northern California
1. white-footed mouse 2. ticks are vectors (Ixodes--> deer tick) 3. peak months are June, July, September 4. can be transmitted human to human through lice
1. lameness, intermittent leg shifting 2. appear painful, ADR 3. usually progresses to arthritis 4. seizures, behavioral changes
1. bull's eye rash 2. arthritis 3. cardiac problems
serology
immunization available in dogs and humans