Unit 11 Product design considerations

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    What do designers critically assess and evaluate during the product development and design process

    Existing products

    Why do designers gather information and data on similar existing products

    To meet the needs and wants of the client To improve on existing products To explore new and more efficient design solutions

    What problems did James Dyson identify in existing vacuum cleaners

    Heavy and difficult to manoeuvre Blew dust and harmful particles into the air Clogged easily and lost suction Required a collection bag

    How did Dyson improve on existing vacuum cleaners

    Removed dirt from carpets without a collection bag using centrifugal technology Increased the power by 50% by increasing cyclones from 1 to 7 Added a bin trigger release and washable filters

    What is total design

    The systematic activity necessary, from the identification of the market/user need, to the selling of the successful product to satisfy that need - an activity that encompasses product, process, people and organisation.

    What must a specification be in order to guide the design process

    Realistic Technical Measurable Fully justified using research

    What must a final product be for it to be fit for purpose

    Appropriate for its intended use Meet the needs of its intended user Meet necessary quality and safety standards

    What is iterative design?

    The development of ideas through: Prototyping Testing Analysis Refinement Client feedback

    What is inclusive design?

    The design of products and services that are accessible to and useable by as many people as reasonably possible without the need for special adaption or specialised design

    What has been added to the oxo peeler to make it more inclusive

    rubberised grip has been added to increase grip Grip has a slotted area to increase grip and give the grip a different texture

    What often drives designers to make design improvements and new desings

    User frustration and feedback

    What are public buildings required to include regardless of disability age or gender

    Access up to, into and within the building and its facilities Access to public transport provision Appropriate car parking

    What is the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE)

    The governments advisor on architecture, urban design and public spaces in England

    How are can subtle changes to a design include a whole new user group

    Braille can be added to lift buttons for example to include the visually impaired

    How are public spaces designed to include the visually impaired

    Grids of tactile studs can be laid into surfaces such as pavements and platforms to worn of danger or level changes

    What is empathetic design

    Putting yourself in the users shoes, for example wearing a blind fold to simulate being blind

    Why is it beneficial to design a product so it can be flexible

    Flexibility increases inclusivity The longevity of the product will be improved saving money

    What is an example of bad design

    US designed their notes so they were all the same sizes and the visually impaired couldn't distinguish the different notes from one another

    How did the US help the visually impaired tell the difference between notes

    Issued a currency reader to all the visually impaired

    How are UK bank notes inclusive for the visually impaired

    Dots are embossed on the notes to make it easy to distinguish between notes

    What can lack of inclusive design lead to

    Certain groups are discriminated against Certain groups may be put in danger Certain groups feel excluded

    What legislation has been implemented to promote safe working practices

    Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA) Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)

    What does the HSWA state

    All employees are responsible as far as reasonably practical to ensure the workplace is safe

    How are COSHH regulations adhered to in the school workshop

    PPE is worn to reduce exposure Hazardous substances are secured in containers which are fire proof and can be removed from fires

    What are Safety Data Sheets

    A sheet supplied with hazardous substances which specify key hazards, controls and first aid measures

    What must be done to meet COSHH requirements

    Assess risk Take precautions Control exposure Follow procedure Monitor exposure Monitor Health Plan for incidents Inform and train employees

    What is a risk assessment

    A document that takes into account any risks in the workplace and suggests what precautions should be taken

    What is an example of Safe Working Precautions (SWP)

    Wear PPE when working with tools in the workshop

    Examples of SWP in industry

    Aisles are fit for vehicles such as forklift trucks Warning sirens and beacons inform employees of vehicles in operation Ensure there is equipment and training to enable correct lifting, holding positions etc

    What are the regulations for PPE

    Properly assessed before use to make sure it is fit for purpose Provide with instructions on how to use safely and correctly Maintained and stored correctly Used correctly by employees

    What do prohibition signs do and look like

    Prohibit actions detrimental to safety Round, black pictogram on a white background with red edging and diagonal line

    What do warning signs do and look like

    Give warnings of potential risks Triangle shape, black pictogram on a yellow background with black edging

    What do mandatory signs do and look like

    Require action that will contribute towards safety Round shaped, white pictogram, blue background

    What do safe condition signs do and look like

    Indicate exits routes in the event of a fire and location of safety equipment Rectangle or square shaped, white pictogram, green background

    What do fire safety signs do and look like

    Indicate location of fire fighting equipment Rectangle or square shaped, white pictogram, red background

    What does the consumer rights act do

    Adds greater protection than the Sales of Goods Act Specifies that goods should be: As described Of satisfactory quality Fit for the consumers particle purpose

    What does the Consumer Protection Act do

    Safeguards the consumer from products that do not reach a reasonable level of safety

    What actions can be taken because of the consumer rights act

    If the defective goods cause injury or death then the manufacturer, supplier or importer will be held liable Domestic goods must be safe otherwise the sale of goods can be suspended for up to 6 months

    What does the British Standards Institution (BSI) do

    Sets standards relating to goods, services and management systems and will also carry out assessment and certification

    When are products allowed to display the BSI Kitemark

    Products must undergo specific tests to gauge a products performance

    What is the British Toy and Hobby Association (BTHA) do

    A symbol of toy safety and quality for the consumer

    What must a supplier do to display the Lion Mark

    Must sign a Code of Practice which covers toy safety and demands highest standards of ethics in advertising

    What is Intellectual Property (IP)

    A unique piece of work that takes physical form and can be treated as an asset Literary or artistic symbol, names and images

    What is IP protected by

    Copyright Design rights Patents Trademarks

    When is IP yours

    If you created it and it meets the requirements for copyright, patent, trademark or a design If you bought the IP rights from the creator or previous owner

    What might employees have to sign if they have been dealing with IP owned by the company

    A Non-disclosure Agreement (NDA)

    What does copyright do

    Protects creators and gives them rights to control the ways in which their material may be used Allow creators to take legal action against unauthorised use

    What is the lifespan of a copyright

    Literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works and films - lifetime of the creator plus 70 years after their death Layout of published editions of written, dramatic or musical works, broadcasts and sound recordings - vary from 25 to 70 years from date of publication / broadcast

    How long does unregistered design rights protect a design for

    10 years from first sale or up to 15 years from date of creation whichever comes first

    What do design rights apply to

    Physical shape and appearance, decoration and configuration of a 3D design, 2D designs such as graphics, textiles and wallpapers

    What requirement must be met to be protected by design rights

    must not use protected emblems must not be designed to match or fit an existing product such as an accessory Must not be offensive

    How can a designer protect their designs and when is it applicable

    Register it with the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) and is only applicable in countries where the design has been registered

    How long does IPO registration last for

    25 years but must be renewed every 5 years

    Why might a designer chose a design registration over other forms of IP protection

    Its much less expensive

    What does a patent protect against and allow

    Protects creators against unauthorised production of their invention It allows the creator to use, sell and manufacture their invention

    What do online data bases allow patent applicants to do

    Check if any similar patents already exist Track the progress of their patent application Check for patents available to license

    How long do patents last for

    20 years

    How long can it take for a patent to be granted

    2 - 3 years

    What are trademarks used to protect

    Used to distinguish goods and services from those of similar services

    How long can a trademark last for

    10 years

    What does a trademark do

    Gives exclusive legal rights to use, license or sell the trademark within the country it was registered

    How did Cadbury use applying for an updated trademark as an advertising opportunity

    Cadbury applied to update the existing trademark so it would apply to other products in their range which was rejected but newspapers had pages about how Cadbury were applying for a silly updated trademark but everyone was thinking about Cadburys chocolate

    What is open source software

    Allows anyone in the world to access the source code for users to change and improve

    What is the advantage of open source software

    It allows other people / companies to develop the software for a company

    What is open design

    Developing physical products (etc) with no restrictions of intellectual property rights

    What is Local Motors

    A company that enables the manufacture of open design vehicles at local factories

    What is Waze

    Enables users to report live traffic jams and road closures Gives directions for the best routes and shortcuts Allows users to share routes and therefore rides and costs

    How can the manufacturing process affect the sustainability of a product

    The number of processes needed The number of materials used

    Why might manufacturers change the size of their product based on the standard sizes a material

    So they can fit more of the product into one piece of a standard material

    What does the On-Pack Recycling Label scheme (OPRL) do

    Helps households better separate packaging and reduce the amount that goes to landfill

    What are the recycling codes

    A triangle with a number in it used to identify the group of materials, some also have letters underneath them

    How often can glass and metals be recycled

    Almost infinitely

    How can changing behaviour be environmentally friendly

    Buying a more robust product such as a reusable coffee cup rather than using a single use one

    How can rethinking the way in which product are made and consumed be environmentally friendly

    Products can be made: longer lasting More easily mended Sold in less packaging Made from fewer materials

    What can help increase the lifespan of machines and equipment

    Regular / scheduled maintenance Ensure machinery is operating safely and efficiently

    What do instruction manuals do

    Give maintenance information such as checking batteries and cleaning parts

    What are examples of integral fixings

    Snap, clip and crimped fixings

    What do integral fixings allow

    Easier maintenance and reduce the risk of damaging the product

    Why are standardised parts more desirable than bespoke components

    They are cheaper and easier to source Products sold globally are easier to repair

    How can a manufacture postpone obsolescence

    Giving access to free software updates and making new features and services available and improving performance

    What ways can a company increase the ease and efficiency of manufacture

    Reduce materials thickness Design integrated fittings Use pre-made components Working to standard sizes

    Why might ribs be added to a product

    To allow the material thickness to be reduced whilst maintaining strength

    How are ribs created

    Moulding, folding or weaving a material Adding a stronger more rigid material

    What is webbing

    Gussets and webs to strengthen and support a structure

    What are integrated fixings

    Built in fittings in products that often snap into place when pushed

    Advantages of push fittings

    Detachable Enable rapid assembly

    What are the four types of snap fittings

    Cantilever Annular Torsion U-shaped

    What is a cantilever snap fitting

    Used on backpacks and bags, prongs snap into a casing

    What are annular snap fittings

    Used in press fit pen lids, plastic cups and lids

    What are torsion snap fittings

    Has a pivot and sometimes a spring to snap them closed used in clothing pegs

    What are U-shaped snap fittings

    Used where materials are less flexible, used in enclosures included in battery casings

    What are internal moulded screw posts used in

    Used in electrical casings

    What are the advantages of internal moulded screw posts

    Enable easier disassembly Manufactured in a single mould

    What are the advantages of buying premade components

    Reduce the overall cost of manufacture Save manufacturing time

    Disadvantages of buying premade components

    Cant ensure quality control of the other company

    What product includes textured moulds

    Basketballs

    How can a manufacturer reduce the number of processes requires

    Use textured moulds to add grip or lettering without the need for additional materials Use self finishing polymers

    Why are manufactures obliged to consider the ease of which their products can be broken down

    To make it easy to retrieve parts components and materials for reuse and recycling

    How can integrated fixings aid disassembly

    reduce the time take to dismantle a product Avoid the need of adhesives

    What can a designer do to improve how environmentally friendly a product is

    Reduce the number of materials, parts and processes

    Why does reducing the number of materials make it more environmentally friendly

    Different materials can be recognised more easily

    What things should be avoided to produce products that are serviceable, easy to disassemble and recycle

    Using a large number of different parts and materials Use of irreversible adhesives in laminations and joints Adding paints and finishes that contaminate a material

    What is an example of automated disassembly

    Apple have a robot called Liam which can fully disassemble an iPhone in 11 seconds

    What is active disassembly (ADSM)

    It involves the use of smart materials to speed up disassembly

    What smart materials can be used to aid disassembly of products

    Shape Memory Allows Shape Memory Polymers

    How can smart materials be used to aid disassembly

    They can be activated the the end-of-life

    What are the benefits of ADSM

    It doesn't damage parts Enable disassembly of products with small fiddly parts Makes disassembly faster and more efficient Increases end-of-life recycling rates

    What materials are some designers using to cause little to no impact to the environment

    Starch-based biopolymers and bamboo

    What is Evoware

    Product packaging using a seaweed based material

    What are the advantages of Evoware

    Dissolves in warm water Is available in 100% biodegradable and edible forms If stored properly packaging will last for 2 years