Lifespan Growth and Cognitive Stages

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    Comprehensive lecture notes on developmental psychology, tracing physical, cognitive, and social changes across the human lifespan. This guide covers genetic and environmental influences on growth, pr...

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    What is the role of the hippocampus in memory formation during infancy?

    The hippocampus is not mature enough in infants to chemically store the basis of memories, which affects their ability to form long-term memories.

    How does an enriched environment influence cognitive development in children?

    An enriched environment, characterized by factors such as parental reading, exposure to different languages, educational games, and access to technology, significantly enhances a child's cognitive development.

    What are the consequences of poverty on brain development in children?

    Poverty can lead to brain damage in children, negatively impacting their cognitive development and overall mental health.

    What is a critical period in child development?

    A critical period is a specific time frame during which a child must receive certain stimulation or instruction to develop specific skills; missing this window can hinder proper development.

    Who conducted research on the visual cortex in kittens, and what was the significance?

    Hubel and Wiesel conducted research on the visual cortex in kittens, demonstrating that there is no plasticity if visual stimulation is not provided during a critical period.

    What is the difference between sensitive periods and critical periods in development?

    Sensitive periods are gradual time frames during which learning is still possible, while critical periods are strict windows where specific development must occur or it will not happen correctly.

    How does Lev Vygotsky's theory emphasize the role of social interaction in cognitive development?

    Lev Vygotsky stressed that mental interaction with more advanced peers and adults is crucial for children's intellectual development, highlighting the importance of social context in learning.

    What is the Activity Theory of Aging?

    The Activity Theory of Aging posits that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when individuals maintain their previous levels of activity and engagement.

    What are the five stages of grief according to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross?

    The five stages of grief are Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance, which do not necessarily occur in a specific order.

    How do gender differences manifest in discussions about relationships and feelings during adulthood?

    Males often minimize discussions about relationships and personal feelings, preferring to engage in activities that are mutually interesting rather than discussing emotional issues.

    What is the average life expectancy for males and females?

    The average life expectancy is 72 years for males and 79 years for females.

    What are the effects of aging on cognitive abilities, particularly in relation to fluid and crystallized intelligence?

    As individuals age, fluid intelligence tends to decline while crystallized intelligence remains stable or even increases, reflecting accumulated knowledge and experience.

    What is 'sundowners syndrome' and how does it affect older adults?

    Sundowners syndrome refers to increased confusion and agitation in older adults during the late afternoon or evening, often associated with dementia.

    What percentage of individuals over 65 and over 85 live in nursing homes?

    Approximately 5% of individuals over 65 live in nursing homes, while about 25% of those over 85 reside in such facilities.

    How does K. Warner-Shaie's research contribute to our understanding of intellectual abilities across the lifespan?

    K. Warner-Shaie's research indicates that general intellectual abilities increase until the early 40s, stabilize until 60, and then gradually decline after age 60, with education and a stimulating lifestyle mitigating this decline.

    What is the relationship between mental activity and cognitive decline in older adults?

    Engaging in mental activities and maintaining an active lifestyle can help reduce cognitive decline in older adults, promoting better mental health and psychological well-being.

    What types of memories tend to last longer in older adults?

    Musical memories are known to last longer than other types of memories in older adults, often remaining intact even in the presence of cognitive decline.

    What are common stereotypes about older adults, and how do they contrast with reality?

    Common stereotypes about older adults include poor health, inactivity, and social isolation; however, the reality is that many older individuals are healthy, active, and self-sufficient.

    What is the impact of stroke on cognitive function in older adults?

    A stroke can significantly impair cognitive function in older adults, affecting memory, problem-solving abilities, and overall mental processing.

    How does the decline in working memory and long-term memory retrieval manifest in older adults?

    Older adults may experience a slight decline in working memory and accuracy of long-term memory retrieval, often linked to a small but reliable deterioration of the hippocampus.