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Comprehensive lecture notes on developmental psychology, tracing physical, cognitive, and social changes across the human lifespan. This guide covers genetic and environmental influences on growth, pr...
The hippocampus is not mature enough in infants to chemically store the basis of memories, which affects their ability to form long-term memories.
An enriched environment, characterized by factors such as parental reading, exposure to different languages, educational games, and access to technology, significantly enhances a child's cognitive development.
Poverty can lead to brain damage in children, negatively impacting their cognitive development and overall mental health.
A critical period is a specific time frame during which a child must receive certain stimulation or instruction to develop specific skills; missing this window can hinder proper development.
Hubel and Wiesel conducted research on the visual cortex in kittens, demonstrating that there is no plasticity if visual stimulation is not provided during a critical period.
Sensitive periods are gradual time frames during which learning is still possible, while critical periods are strict windows where specific development must occur or it will not happen correctly.
Lev Vygotsky stressed that mental interaction with more advanced peers and adults is crucial for children's intellectual development, highlighting the importance of social context in learning.
The Activity Theory of Aging posits that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when individuals maintain their previous levels of activity and engagement.
The five stages of grief are Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance, which do not necessarily occur in a specific order.
Males often minimize discussions about relationships and personal feelings, preferring to engage in activities that are mutually interesting rather than discussing emotional issues.
The average life expectancy is 72 years for males and 79 years for females.
As individuals age, fluid intelligence tends to decline while crystallized intelligence remains stable or even increases, reflecting accumulated knowledge and experience.
Sundowners syndrome refers to increased confusion and agitation in older adults during the late afternoon or evening, often associated with dementia.
Approximately 5% of individuals over 65 live in nursing homes, while about 25% of those over 85 reside in such facilities.
K. Warner-Shaie's research indicates that general intellectual abilities increase until the early 40s, stabilize until 60, and then gradually decline after age 60, with education and a stimulating lifestyle mitigating this decline.
Engaging in mental activities and maintaining an active lifestyle can help reduce cognitive decline in older adults, promoting better mental health and psychological well-being.
Musical memories are known to last longer than other types of memories in older adults, often remaining intact even in the presence of cognitive decline.
Common stereotypes about older adults include poor health, inactivity, and social isolation; however, the reality is that many older individuals are healthy, active, and self-sufficient.
A stroke can significantly impair cognitive function in older adults, affecting memory, problem-solving abilities, and overall mental processing.
Older adults may experience a slight decline in working memory and accuracy of long-term memory retrieval, often linked to a small but reliable deterioration of the hippocampus.