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The Law of Segregation states that offspring acquire one factor from each parent, leading to the separation of alleles during gamete formation.
The Law of Independent Assortment states that genes for different traits are passed independently of one another, allowing for genetic variation.
A Punnett Square is a diagram used to predict the genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring from a genetic cross, illustrating the possible combinations of alleles.
The genotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross (Aa x Aa) is 1:2:1, representing the genotypes AA, Aa, and aa.
The phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross is 3:1, indicating the ratio of dominant traits to recessive traits.
Incomplete dominance occurs when neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a blending of traits, such as red (RR) and white (WW) snapdragons producing pink flowers (RW).
Codominance is when both alleles express themselves equally in the phenotype, such as in human blood types where AB blood type expresses both A and B antigens.
Multiple alleles refer to the presence of more than two alleles controlling a trait, such as the ABO blood group in humans, which includes alleles A, B, and O.
Pleiotropy is when one gene affects multiple phenotypic traits, demonstrating the interconnectedness of genetic expression.
mRNA codons are read in triplets and matched with tRNA anticodons during translation, facilitating the synthesis of proteins.
A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, which can lead to genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia.
Insertions and deletions are types of mutations that involve the addition or loss of nucleotides, potentially resulting in frameshift mutations that alter the reading frame of the genetic code.
A silent mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
A missense mutation is a type of mutation that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in a protein sequence.
A nonsense mutation creates a premature stop codon in the protein sequence, leading to truncated and often nonfunctional proteins.
Mutagens are agents that cause mutations in DNA, such as radiation and certain chemicals, which can lead to genetic changes.
A pedigree chart is a diagram used to trace inheritance patterns in families, helping to identify genetic traits and disorders.
Autosomal dominant inheritance affects both sexes and appears in every generation, meaning only one copy of the dominant allele is needed for the trait to be expressed.
Autosomal recessive inheritance affects both sexes and can skip generations, requiring two copies of the recessive allele for the trait to be expressed.
X-linked recessive inheritance is more common in males, as they have only one X chromosome, while females are typically carriers with one affected X chromosome.
Recombination frequency is calculated using the formula (Number of recombinants / Total offspring) x 100, with 1% recombination equating to 1 map unit (centimorgan).
DNA is structured as a double helix composed of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) with specific base pairing (A with T, C with G), which is crucial for replication and genetic information storage.
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, encompassing the processes of transcription and translation.
During transcription, DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, facilitated by the enzyme RNA polymerase through the steps of initiation, elongation, and termination.
During translation, mRNA is translated into a protein at the ribosome, where mRNA codons are matched with tRNA anticodons to assemble the corresponding amino acids into a polypeptide chain.