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    @Jack Taylor

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    What is the Tanner staging system?

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    What are the five stages of Tanner staging for male external genitalia?

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    At what ages do males typically reach Tanner stages 1 to 5?

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    What is the Accelerator Hypothesis in relation to puberty?

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    How does the hypothalamus influence the onset of puberty?

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    What is the critical weight for the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in females?

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    How has the age at menarche changed in Western Europe and the USA over the past century?

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    What hormones are involved in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis (HPG)?

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    What effects do FSH and LH have on the gonads?

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    What is the role of sex steroid hormones in puberty?

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    When do growth spurts typically begin for boys and girls?

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    At what ages do boys and girls typically reach their full adult height?

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    What is the hormonal basis for growth spurts during puberty?

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    How does growth hormone (GH) influence growth during puberty?

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    What is the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in puberty?

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    What is the significance of the pulsatile release of GnRH?

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    How do sex steroids provide feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

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    What physical changes occur in males during Tanner stage 3?

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    What are the characteristics of Tanner stage 4 in males?

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    What is the relationship between body weight and menarche onset?

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    What changes occur in the CNS leading up to puberty?

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