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The five metacarpal bones are the bones of the hand that form the framework of the palm. Each metacarpal consists of a base, a body, and a head. Proximally, they articulate with the carpal bones, and distally, they connect with the proximal phalanges of the fingers.
The first metacarpal is the thickest and shortest among the metacarpals, providing stability and strength for the thumb's movements.
The third metacarpal is distinguished by the presence of a styloid process located on the lateral side of its base, which serves as an attachment point for ligaments.
Each finger consists of three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal, except for the thumb, which has only two phalanges: proximal and distal.
The names of the fingers from lateral to medial are: thumb (pulgar), index (índice), middle (medio), ring (anular), and little finger (meñique).
The scapula has medial, lateral, and superior borders, as well as superior, lateral, and inferior angles. It features a large subscapular fossa on the anterior side and is triangular, thin, and translucent.
The scapular spine is a prominent bony projection on the posterior side of the scapula, which separates the supraspinous fossa from the infraspinous fossa and supports the acromion.
The glenoid cavity is formed by the lateral angle of the scapula, which is the thickest part of the scapula and articulates with the head of the humerus.
The scapula allows for a considerable range of motion in the thoracic wall due to the scapulothoracic articulation, enabling the arm to move freely.
The humerus is the largest bone of the upper limb, featuring a head that articulates with the glenoid cavity, an anatomical neck, a surgical neck, and greater and lesser tubercles.
The humerus has specific anatomical details such as the deltoid tuberosity and the radial groove, which accommodate muscle attachments and the radial nerve.
The upper limb is characterized by its mobility and ability to grasp, strike, and perform fine motor actions, with joints that work in a synchronized manner for smooth and efficient movements.
The upper limb consists of four segments: the shoulder (proximal segment), the arm (first free segment), the forearm (second longest segment), and the hand (distal part).
The clavicle has a double curvature in the horizontal plane, with two extremities: the sternal and acromial ends, and two surfaces: superior and inferior.
The clavicle features important structures such as the conoid tubercle, trapezoidal line, subclavian groove, and the impression for the costoclavicular ligament.
The clavicle acts as a rigid support for the suspended scapula and the free part of the upper limb, forming one of the bony limits of the cervicoaxillary canal and protecting the neurovascular bundle.
The structure of the upper limb, including its bones, joints, and muscles, allows for a wide range of movements and precise actions, enhancing its ability to perform various tasks.
The scapulothoracic articulation is significant as it allows for the movement of the scapula against the thoracic wall, contributing to the overall mobility of the shoulder and arm.
The anatomical neck of the humerus is a critical area for surgical interventions and is often involved in fractures, impacting the function of the shoulder joint.
The deltoid tuberosity serves as the attachment site for the deltoid muscle, which is essential for shoulder abduction and other arm movements.
The metacarpals provide the structural framework for the hand, allowing for the articulation and movement of the fingers, which is crucial for grasping and manipulation.
The scapula's position and movement relative to the thoracic wall are essential for upper limb mobility, allowing for a wide range of arm movements and stability during various activities.