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The main components involved in the refraction of light in the eye are the cornea, aqueous humor, lens (crystalline), and vitreous humor.
The cornea is the primary refractive medium of the eye, bending light to focus it as an inverted image on the photosensitive retina.
The aqueous humor occupies the anterior segment of the eye, which is divided by the iris and pupil, providing nutrients and maintaining intraocular pressure.
The lens (crystalline) is located posterior to the iris and anterior to the vitreous humor, and it is a transparent, biconvex structure enclosed in a capsule.
The vitreous humor is a transparent, gelatinous substance that fills the posterior four-fifths of the eye, providing shape and support to the retina.
The extrinsic muscles of the eye include the superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus muscles, as well as the superior and inferior oblique muscles, which control eye movements.
The levator palpebrae superioris muscle expands to form a broad bilaminar aponeurosis, opposing gravity and acting as an antagonist to the upper half of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
The human eye typically has a diameter of about 25 mm.
The three main layers of the eye are the fibrous layer (sclera and cornea), the vascular layer (choroid, ciliary body, and iris), and the inner layer (retina).
The fibrous layer provides structural support and shape to the eye, with the sclera being the tough outer part and the cornea being the transparent front part.
The vascular layer, or uvea, includes the choroid, which supplies blood to the retina, and the ciliary body and iris, which are involved in focusing and regulating light entry.
The retina consists of the optical portion, which is sensitive to light, and the non-sensory (blind) portion, which does not contain photoreceptors.
Eye movements occur through the rotation of the eye around three axes: vertical, transverse, and anteroposterior, allowing for adduction, abduction, elevation, depression, medial rotation, and lateral rotation.
The rectus muscles originate from the common tendinous ring (annulus of Zinn) located at the back of the orbit.
The optic nerve is a purely sensory nerve that transmits visual impulses generated by light stimuli from the retina to the brain.
The optic nerve exits the eye through the optic canal, starting at the lamina cribrosa of the sclera.
The optic nerve is surrounded by extensions of the meninges and the subarachnoid space as it exits the eye.
The ciliary body connects the choroid to the iris and is responsible for controlling the shape of the lens for focusing.
The iris regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.
The cornea is transparent and covers the anterior sixth of the eye, while the sclera is opaque and forms the white outer layer of the eye.
The choroid layer is crucial for providing oxygen and nutrients to the retina and contains blood vessels that support retinal health.
The two types of oblique muscles in the eye are the superior oblique and inferior oblique muscles, which assist in rotational movements of the eye.
The optic disc is the point where the optic nerve fibers exit the retina, and it is devoid of photoreceptors, creating a blind spot in the visual field.