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The nasal cavity consists of the nasal septum, which divides it into two chambers, the nasal conchae (cornetes), and the paranasal sinuses. It is lined with mucous membranes and cilia that help filter and humidify the air.
The nasal septum is composed of both bony and cartilaginous parts, specifically the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and the cartilage of the septum. It divides the nasal cavity into left and right sides.
The paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones. They help to lighten the skull, produce mucus, and contribute to resonance in the voice.
The nasal conchae, or turbinates, increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, helping to warm, humidify, and filter the air inhaled through the nose.
The Kiesselbach plexus is a network of blood vessels located in the anterior part of the nasal septum. It is significant because it is a common site for nosebleeds due to its rich vascular supply.
The tongue is controlled by extrinsic muscles (genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus) that move the tongue, and intrinsic muscles (superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical) that change its shape.
Teeth are composed of a crown, neck, and root. The crown is covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the body, which protects against wear. The roots anchor the teeth in the alveolar bone, allowing for effective chewing and speech.
Incisors are for cutting, canines for tearing, premolars for crushing and grinding, and molars for grinding food. Adults typically have 32 teeth, while children have 20.
Saliva keeps the oral mucosa moist, lubricates food for easier swallowing, and contains enzymes that begin the digestion of carbohydrates. It also helps to neutralize acids and wash away food particles.
The major salivary glands include the parotid gland (located near the ear), submandibular gland (beneath the jaw), and sublingual gland (under the tongue).
The hard palate forms the bony roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity, separating the oral and nasal cavities and aiding in speech and swallowing.
The nasal cavities open into the nasopharynx through the choanae (or coanas), allowing for the passage of air from the nasal cavity to the throat.
Cilia are tiny hair-like structures that line the nasal cavity and help to trap and move mucus and debris out of the respiratory tract, aiding in filtration and protection against pathogens.
The tongue plays a crucial role in articulation and pronunciation of words, as it helps to shape sounds and control airflow during speech.
A deviated septum can lead to breathing difficulties, increased risk of sinus infections, and nasal congestion, as it can obstruct airflow in one or both nasal passages.
Teeth are composed of multiple layers: enamel, dentin, and pulp. Enamel provides a hard protective outer layer, while dentin supports the structure and pulp contains nerves and blood vessels, ensuring vitality.
The hypoglossal nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue, allowing for movement necessary for speech and swallowing.
Mucous membranes in the nasal cavity produce mucus that traps particles and pathogens, while also keeping the nasal passages moist and aiding in the warming and humidifying of inhaled air.
Health issues related to the paranasal sinuses include sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses), which can cause pain, pressure, and congestion, as well as increased susceptibility to infections.
The mouth's anatomy, including teeth for mechanical breakdown, saliva for chemical digestion, and the tongue for mixing and swallowing, facilitates the initial stages of digestion before food enters the stomach.