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Microtúbulos are structural components of the cytoskeleton that provide support and shape to the cell. They are involved in intracellular transport, cell division, and the maintenance of cell structure.
The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins and lipids synthesized in the cell, preparing them for transport to their destinations, including neurotransmitter release in neurons.
Mitochondria are organelles that generate ATP through cellular respiration, providing the energy required for neuronal activities, including impulse transmission and maintenance of ion gradients.
Centrosomes are organelles that organize microtubules and are crucial for cell division and maintaining the structure of neurons, ensuring proper distribution of organelles during cell processes.
Dendrites are short, branched extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons. They increase the surface area for synaptic connections, allowing for greater information processing.
Dendritic spines are small protrusions on dendrites that serve as sites for synaptic connections. They play a critical role in synaptic plasticity, which is essential for learning and memory.
Dendrites increase the surface area of a neuron, allowing it to form more synaptic connections and receive a greater number of signals from other neurons.
An axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body. Unlike dendrites, which receive signals, the axon is responsible for sending signals to other neurons or muscles.
The axon hillock is the region where the axon originates from the cell body. It is crucial for integrating incoming signals and generating action potentials when the threshold is reached.
Sensory receptors are specialized cells that convert various forms of energy (e.g., light, sound, pressure) into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the central nervous system as nerve impulses.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing sensory information, coordinating responses, and controlling higher cognitive functions.
The central nervous system contains approximately 100 billion neurons, interconnected through complex synaptic networks that facilitate communication and processing of information.
Glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, support neurons by providing structural support, regulating the extracellular environment, forming myelin, and participating in immune responses.
Astrocytes provide mechanical support, regulate ion balance, facilitate nutrient transport, and maintain the blood-brain barrier, contributing to the overall health and function of neurons.
Oligodendrocytes are responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system, which insulates the axons and enhances the speed of electrical signal transmission.
Microglia are small glial cells that act as the immune cells of the central nervous system, monitoring for injury or infection and responding by clearing debris and modulating inflammation.
The pericaryon, or cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus, contains organelles essential for neuronal function, including the rough endoplasmic reticulum for protein synthesis and mitochondria for energy production.
Nissl bodies are aggregates of rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes found in the cytoplasm of neurons, crucial for protein synthesis and the production of neurotransmitters.
Neurofibrils and neurofilaments are components of the cytoskeleton that provide structural support to neurons, maintaining their shape and facilitating intracellular transport.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum in neurons is involved in the storage of calcium ions, which are critical for neurotransmitter release and synaptic transmission.
Synapses are specialized junctions where neurons communicate with each other through the release of neurotransmitters, allowing for the transmission of signals across the synaptic cleft.
The axon terminal is the endpoint of an axon where neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, facilitating communication with the next neuron or target cell.