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Secretion is the process by which certain cells transform low molecular weight compounds obtained from the blood into specific products that are released from the cell.
Glands are classified into endocrine and exocrine glands based on their embryological development.
Endocrine glands release their secretion products, such as hormones, directly into the bloodstream and lose their connection with the surface.
Exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts to the surface. They can be classified based on the number of cells, structure of their adenomers, secretion mechanism, and chemical composition of their secretions.
Epithelial tissues can be classified as simple (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) or stratified (squamous, non-keratinized, keratinized, cuboidal, columnar, transitional).
The underlying connective tissue forms highly vascularized evaginations called papillae, which support and nourish the epithelial tissue.
Mesothelium is the epithelial layer that lines closed body cavities, such as the pleural, abdominal, and pericardial cavities.
Endothelium is the epithelial lining of blood and lymphatic vessels, playing a crucial role in vascular function and permeability.
Exocrine glands can have mucous, serous, or mixed terminal structures, with mucous cells containing mucin, serous cells having basophilic cytoplasm, and mixed cells forming a crescent shape known as the 'semiluna of von Ebner.'
Exocrine glands can be categorized as tubular, alveolar, or acinous based on the shape and structure of their secretory terminals.
Simple glands have a non-branching excretory duct, while compound glands have a branching excretory duct.
The adenomer refers to the configuration of the secretory terminals in glands, which can be tubular, alveolar, or acinous, influencing the gland's function and secretion type.
Mucous secretory cells are filled with mucin droplets, appear clear and vacuolated, and have a flattened, basal nucleus.
Serous secretory cells have basophilic cytoplasm, a clear eosinophilic apex, and may contain visible secretion granules, with a round basal nucleus.
Paracrine glandular cells secrete signaling molecules that act as local mediators, influencing nearby cells without entering the bloodstream.
Simple tubular glands have a single, unbranched duct, while compound tubular glands have branched ducts leading to multiple secretory units.
Stratified epithelial tissues include stratified squamous (keratinized and non-keratinized), stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, and transitional epithelium.
Glands can secrete substances through various mechanisms, including merocrine (exocytosis), apocrine (partial cell loss), and holocrine (entire cell loss).
The lumen is the central cavity within glands through which secretions are released, playing a crucial role in the gland's function.
Vascularization in glandular tissue is essential for providing nutrients and oxygen to the cells, as well as for the transport of secreted products into the bloodstream.
Losing connection with the surface allows endocrine glands to release hormones directly into the bloodstream, facilitating systemic regulation of physiological processes.