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The two main divisions of the nervous system are the Central Nervous System (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), which consists of all the nerves outside the CNS.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary functions of the body, such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate, and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Neurons transmit signals through electrical impulses that travel down the axon, which is covered by a myelin sheath that facilitates faster transmission. The impulses are then transmitted to other neurons at the axon terminal.
Dendrites are the parts of a neuron that receive information from other neurons or sensory receptors and transmit that information to the cell body.
The myelin sheath is a protective covering around the axon of a neuron that insulates the electrical impulses, allowing for faster signal transmission. Damage to the myelin sheath can lead to conditions such as multiple sclerosis.
The Central Nervous System consists of the brain, which includes the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, and the spinal cord, which connects the brain to the rest of the body.
The cerebellum, often referred to as the 'little brain,' is responsible for coordination, balance, and fine motor control, and is located inferior to the cerebrum.
The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.
The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements and sensory information from the skin and muscles, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions of internal organs.
A ganglion is a structure containing nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system, often involved in transmitting signals in the peripheral nervous system.
The sympathetic nervous system activates the body's 'fight or flight' response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels, while decreasing digestive activity.
The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, facilitating communication between them.
A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve root, while a myotome is a group of muscles that are innervated by a single spinal nerve root.
When the myelin sheath is damaged, it can lead to a loss of electrical impulse transmission, resulting in neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
The nucleus of a neuron contains the nucleolus and chromosomes, which are essential for the cell's metabolic activities and the synthesis of proteins necessary for neuron function.
The axon terminal is the endpoint of an axon where neurotransmitters are released to communicate with other neurons or target cells.
The spinal cord serves as a major pathway for transmitting sensory information to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body, facilitating reflex actions.
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in increased heart rate, blood pressure, energy levels, and bronchodilation, while decreasing intestinal peristalsis.
Sensory neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system for processing.
Motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, facilitating movement and physiological responses.