Master this deck with 19 terms through effective study methods.
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Epithelial tissue is characterized by closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, polarity (having an apical and a basal surface), attachment to the basement membrane, avascularity (lack of blood vessels), and a high regenerative capacity.
Epithelial tissues are classified based on the number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that lead to the surface of an organ or to the outside of the body, while endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Connective tissue is composed of cells, fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular), and ground substance (the non-cellular material that fills the space between cells and fibers).
Specialized connective tissues include adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph, each serving unique functions in the body.
Skeletal muscle is composed of long, cylindrical, multinucleated fibers with striations. The fibers are organized into bundles surrounded by connective tissue, allowing for voluntary movement.
The neuromuscular junction is the synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber, where the neuron releases neurotransmitters to stimulate muscle contraction.
Cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, and consists of branched cells with one or two central nuclei. It is connected by intercalated discs, which facilitate synchronized contractions.
A neuron consists of a cell body (soma), dendrites (which receive signals), and an axon (which transmits signals). Neurons are responsible for transmitting electrical impulses throughout the nervous system.
Myelination, provided by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, increases the speed of electrical impulse conduction along the axon and insulates the nerve fiber.
The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater (outer layer providing protection), the arachnoid mater (middle layer with a web-like structure), and the pia mater (inner layer adhering to the brain and spinal cord).
Neurons exhibit excitability (the ability to respond to stimuli) and conductivity (the ability to transmit electrical impulses), which are essential for communication within the nervous system.
Smooth muscle is composed of spindle-shaped, non-striated cells with a single central nucleus. It is organized in sheets and is responsible for involuntary movements in hollow organs.
Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, osteocytes maintain bone tissue, and osteoclasts are involved in bone resorption, together regulating bone remodeling.
Compact bone is characterized by a dense arrangement of osteons (Haversian systems), which consist of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves.
Blood consists of plasma (the liquid component), red blood cells (transport oxygen), white blood cells (immune response), and platelets (blood clotting), each playing vital roles in homeostasis.
A chemical synapse consists of a presynaptic neuron terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic terminal and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, facilitating signal transmission.
A nerve is composed of bundles of axons surrounded by connective tissue layers (epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium), which protect and support the axons, allowing for efficient signal transmission.
The central nervous system (CNS) is organized into the brain and spinal cord, which process and integrate sensory information and coordinate responses throughout the body.