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Heritable alteration in DNA sequence.
An organism with a mutation affecting its phenotype.
They can be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral.
Spontaneous occur naturally; induced are caused by external factors.
Somatic mutations affect non-reproductive cells; germline affect reproductive cells.
A segment of DNA that encodes a protein or RNA.
Different versions of a gene.
An organism with two different alleles for a gene.
An organism with two identical alleles for a gene.
Promoter, coding region, and terminator.
The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
They can alter protein function or expression.
It can lead to mutations and genetic diversity.
They generate genetic diversity necessary for natural selection.
It can lead to genetic diversity.
It affects a single base pair or a few adjacent pairs.
Spontaneous mutations occur naturally, while induced mutations are caused by mutagens.
They occur in non-reproductive cells and are not inherited.
They occur in reproductive cells and can be passed to offspring.
It represents different versions of a gene.
Heterozygotes have two different alleles, while homozygotes have identical alleles.
It describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
It can alter the protein produced by the gene.
Substitutions and insertions/deletions.
Transitions are purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine changes; transversions are purine to pyrimidine or vice versa.
They increase the rate of mutations beyond spontaneous levels.
Approximately 10 x 10^-8 per base pair per cell division.
Approximately 150 x 10^-8 per base pair per cell division.
An organism or cell with a mutation.
It can lead to an increased rate of mutations.